MfM 


CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH 


SAND 


ITS  OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES 
AND   USES 


A  BIBLIOGRAPHY 


BKJVXKSJTV 


PITTSBURGH 

CARNEGIE  LIBRARY 

1918 


or  PITTSBURGH 
PRESS 


WRV  Y 

RGH      \ 


4 


Synopsis 

Page 
Occurrence  and  Properties      -  _________         - 

Economic  Geology     --  -__--_____- 

General   ---------------        5 

Special  Districts   --  _________     5 

Transportation  by  Natural  Agencies         -  -----       13 

General       ---------------  i^ 

Water     ___  ..--._...._      14 

Wind   ----------------  17 

Dunes  and  their  Control      -  *    -  17 

Vegetation  for  Control  of  Dunes       -  -   19 

Physical  Properties      -      -  -       -      20 

Testing  in  General      --------  __.2o 

Bearing  Value,  Pressure  and  Related  Properties  22 

Miscellaneous      -  -____.  24 

Exploitation   ----------- ---_._  26 

Quarrying  and  Handling  in  General       -  ______  26 

Methods  and  Machinery      -  ______       26 

Costs   -  -----_____  29 

Washing,  Screening,  Storing  and  Similar  Treatment  -.      29 

Statistics  of  Production,  Imports,  Exports,  Uses,  Etc.       -       -       -  31 

Sand  for  Concrete,  Mortar  and  other  Structural  Purposes   -       -      33 

Properties  and  Specifications      -       -  ______  ^ 

Tests       --__  __________       37 

Treatment  ----_-_-_____  ^g 

Use  in  Pavements   -  _____      49 

Molding-sand       -___  ________   -o 

Properties  and  Specifications  -  50 

Tests    -  _  54 

Treatment   ---_---_____  _^6 

Methods  and  Machinery          -_----___   -5 

Reclaiming  Waste  Sand  60 

Miscellaneous       -  ---_-___  61 

Glass  Sand  --_  --_-_____      62 

Sand  for  Ceramic  Industries        --  _______  5^ 

Filter  Sand         --  -----__..      65 

Sanding  of  Rails        --------__-__  68 

General  and  Miscellaneous       ----------      69 


373747 


Sand;  Its  Occurrence,  Properties  and  Uses 

This  list,  compiled  by  Mr  L.  L.  Hopkins,  represents  a  fairly  thor- 
ough search  through  the  material  in  the  Technology  Department  of 
the  Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh.  The  use  of  sand  in  the  manu- 
facture of  sand-lime  brick  was  dealt  with  in  a  former  publication  of 
this  Library  (Brick  Manufacture  and  Bricklaying,  1912)  and  has  not 
been  included  in  the  present  list.  Sandblasting,  sand  roads,  and  some 
other  applications  of  sand  have  also  been  omitted. 

E.   H.   McCLELLAND, 

January  i,  1918.  Technology  Librarian. 

Abbreviations 

ed.     edition.  pt.     part, 

n.  s.  new  series.  ser.    series. 

no.    number.  v.       volume, 

p.      page  or  pages. 

Occurrrence  and  Properties 

Economic  Geology 

General 

Bohm,  C.  Richard. 

Monazitsand.     1906.     (In  Chemische  industrie,  v.29,  p.2-/.) 

The  same,   abstract   translation.      1906.      (In    Engineering   and    mining 

journal,  v.8i,  p. 842.) 

General  review  of  monazite  sand  industry  of  the  world,  giving  occurrence,  method 
of  mining  and  subsequent  treatment.  Many  references. 

Bowles,  Oliver. 

Sandstone  quarrying  in  the  United  States.  1917.  (In  United  States 
— Mines  bureau.  Bulletin  no.  124.  135  p.) 

Includes  information  regarding  the  sand  obtained  from  sandstone,  its  uses  and 
properties.  . 

Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

Glass-sand  industry  of  Indiana,  Kentucky  and  Ohio.  1907.  (In 
United  States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no.3i5:  Contributions  to 
economic  geology,  1906,  pt.i,  p. 361-376.) 

Production,  preparation,  rocks  utilized,  chemical  analyses,  and  detailed  descriptions 
of  sand  quarries  of  the  district. 

Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

Glass  sand  of  the  middle  Mississippi  basin.  1906.  (In  United  States 
— Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no.285:  Contributions  to  economic  ge- 
ology, 1905,  p.459-472.) 

Location,  production,  properties  and  uses. 


Burchard, 

Notes  on  various  glass  sands,  mainly  undeveloped.  1907.  (In 
United  States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no.315:  Contributions  to 
economic  geology,  1906,  pt.i,  p. 377-382.) 

Covers  undeveloped  glass  sand  deposits  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Georgia,  Klorida, 
Iowa,  Kansas,  Missouri  and  Nebraska.  Table  of  analyses  of  sands  from  these  deposits. 

Day,  David  T.  &  Richards,  R.  H. 

Investigation  of  black  sands  from  placer  mines.  1906.  (In  United 
States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no.285:  Contributions  to  economic 
geology,  1905,  p.  150-164.) 

Concerned  principally  with  data  on  the  economic  value  of  the  black  sands  of  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Day,  David  T.  &  Richards,  R.  H. 

Useful  minerals  in  the  black  sands  of  the  Pacific  slope.  1907.  (In 
United  States — Geological  survey.  Mineral  resources,  calendar  year 
1905,  p.i  175-1258.) 

"Papers  bearing  on  black  sands,"  p.  1258. 

The  same,  abstract.  1907.  (In  Scientific  American  supplement,  v.63, 
p.  26056.) 

Lahee,  Frederick  H. 

Field  geology.     508  p.     1916.     McGraw. 

Contains  a  very  considerable  amount  of  information  on  the  geology  of  sands  in 
general. 

Randolph,  Beverley  S. 

Silica  sand  industry.      1907.      (In   Engineering  and  mining  journal, 

V.84,    p.I2II-I2I2.) 

Sources  of  supply,  economic  considerations,  and  preparation. 

Silica.     1909.     (In  Mineral  industry,  v.i7,  p. 764-767.) 

General  information  on  deposits,  production  and  uses.  Includes  sand-lime  brick  and 
pumice. 


Special  Districts 

United  States 

California 
De  Groot,  Henry. 

Manufacture    of   glass   in    California.      1890.      (In    California — State 
mining  bureau.     Annual   report    (9th),   calendar  year   1889,  P-324-329.) 

Treats  of  glass-making  in   California,  its  difficulties  on  account  of  lack  of  suitable 
sand  and  the  discovery  of  a  deposit  that  promised  to  be  of  great  value. 


Georgia 

McCallie,  S.  W. 

Preliminary  report  on  the  mineral  resources  of  Georgia.  1910.  (In 
Georgia — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no. 23.) 

Includes,  p.  179-181.  section  on  "Sand  and  gravel,"  giving  briefly  the  location,  ge- 
ology, properties,  uses  and  production  of  Georgia  sand. 


Illinois 

Alden,  William  C. 

Description  of  the  Chicago  district.  1901.  (In  United  States — Geo- 
logical survey.  Geologic  atlas  of  the  United  States,  folio  no.Si.) 

Brief  description  of  building  sands  and  of  molding-sands  in  Riverside,  Chicago, 
Desplaines  and  Calumet  quadrangles,  Illinois-Indiana,  p.  12-1 3. 

Bain,  H.  F. 

Analysis  of  certain  silica  deposits.  1907.  (In  Illinois — Geological 
survey.  Bulletin  no.4,  p.  185-186.) 

Gives   analyses   of    fine-grained   silica    sands  from    Union    and    Alexander    counties. 

Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

Concrete  materials  produced  in  the  Chicago  district.  1908.  (In 
United  States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no. 340:  Contributions  to 
economic  geology,  1907,  p.383-4io.) 

"Literature  and  maps,"  p.4io. 

The  same,  enlarged.  1907.  (In  Illinois — Geological  survey.  Bulletin 
no.8,  p-345-372.) 

Sections  on  "Glacial  sand  and  gravel  (outwash  and  moraine  materials)"  and  on 
"Lake  shore  deposits,"  p.398-4og. 

Udden,  Johan  A.  &  Todd,  J.  E. 

Structural  materials  in  Illinois.  1910.  (In  Illinois — Geological  sur- 
vey. Bulletin  no.i6,  p.342-39O.) 

Gives  occurrence  and  description   of  sand  deposits   for  many   localities  in  the  state. 

Indiana 

Barrett,  Edward. 

Glass  sands  of  Indiana — Industries.  1914.  (In  Indiana — Depart- 
ment of  geology  and  natural  resources.  Annual  report  (38th),  for 
calendar  year  1914,  p.4i-59.) 

Economic  geology,  analyses  and  production  statistics. 

Leverett,  Frank,  &  Taylor,  F.  B. 

Pleistocene  of  Indiana  and  Michigan  and  the  history  of  the  Great 
lakes.  1915.  (In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Monographs,  v.53.) 

"Sand  of  Kankakee-Tippecanoe  area,"  p.  128-130;   "Sand  and  gravel,"  p. 521-522. 

Maryland 

Clark,  William  Bullock,  &  Mathews,  E.  B. 

Maryland  mineral  industries,  1896-1907.  1909.  (In  Maryland — Geo- 
logical survey.  [Report],  v.8,  p. 99-223.) 

"Sand  and  gravel,"  p.  146-150,  is  concerned  with  the  deposits  of  building  sand,  con- 
crete sand,  glass  sand,  molding-sand  and  engine  sand  of  the  state. 

Miller,  Benjamin  L. 

Mineral  resources  of  Prince  George's  county.  1911.  (In  Maryland 
— Geological  survey.  [Report  on  county  resources],  v.6,  pt.i,  p.i37~ 
150.) 

"The  sands,"  p.  139-140,  gives  brief  treatment  of  location  and  uses  of  sands  of  the 
region. 


Massachusetts 

Gratacap,  L.  P. 

Sands  of  Cape  Cod.  1902.  (In  Scientific  American,  v.ioo,  n.  s.  v.86, 
p.i27.) 

Brief  treatment  of  some  of  the  geological  features  of  the  district. 

Michigan 
Sec  also  Leverett  &  Taylor,  under  Indiana. 

Grabau,  A.  W.  &  Sherzer,  W.  H. 

Monroe  formation  of  southern  Michigan  and  adjoining  regions. 
1910.  (In  Michigan — Geological  and  biological  survey.  Publication 
no. 2;  geological  series  no.i,  248  p.) 

Contains  much   geological  information  on  the  character  of  the  various  sands. 

Smith,  R.  A. 

Mineral  resources  of  Michigan,  with  statistical  tables  of  production 
and  value  of  mineral  products  for  1913  and  prior  years,  pt.2:  Non- 
metallic  minerals.  1914.  (In  Michigan — Geological  and  biological  sur- 
vey. Publication  110.16;  geological  series  no.i3,  p.8i-i4i.) 

Contains  brief  reference  to  the  sand  and  gravel  industry  of  the  state,  with  produc- 
tion statistics. 

Minnesota 

Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

Structural  materials  available  in  the  vicinity  of  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
1910.  (In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no. 430:  Con- 
tributions to  economic  geology,  1909,  p. 280-291.) 

Section  on  "Materials  for  concrete"  has  subsection  "Sand  and  gravel,"  p.28s-287. 
Section  on  "Materials  for  mortar  and  plaster"  has  subsection  "Sand,"  p. 291. 

Mississippi 

Logan,  William  N. 

Structural  materials' of  Mississippi.  1911.  (In  Mississippi — Geo- 
logical survey.  Bulletin  no.9.) 

Contains  considerable  on  the  economic  geology  of  the  sands  of  Mississippi. 

Missouri 

Fenneman,  N.  M. 

Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the  St.  Louis  quadrangle,  Missouri- 
Illinois.  1911.  (In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no.438, 
p.i-73-) 

Section  on   ''Economic  geology"  has  subsection  on  "Sand  and  gravel,"  p.s6-s8. 
Covers  glass  sand,  building  sand,  molder's  sand,  and  cement  gravel. 

Nebraska 

Barbour,  Erwin  H. 

Report  of  the  state  geologist.  1903.  (In  Nebraska — Geological 
survey.  Publications,  v.i,  p.  1-258.) 

Brief  reference  to  sand  resources  of  the  state,  p. 206-210. 

Condra,  George  Evert. 

Sand  and  gravel  resources  and  industries  of  Nebraska.  1911.  (In 
Nebraska — Geological  survey.  Publications,  v.3,  pt.i,  p. 1-206.) 

Very  complete  treatment  of  sand  resources  of  the  state.  Considers  geology,  proper- 
ties, exploitation  and  uses. 

8 


Woodruff,  Elmer  Grant. 

Geology  of  Cass  county,  Nebraska.  1906.  (In  Nebraska — Geo- 
logical survey.  Publications,  v.2,  pt.2,  p. 176-290.) 

Makes  brief  reference,  11.226-229,  to  the  sand  resources  of  the  county. 

New  Jersey 

Kummel,  Henry  B.  &  Gage,  R.  B. 

Glass-sand  industry  of  New  Jersey.  1907.  (In  New  Jersey- — Geo- 
logical survey.  Annual  report  (43d)  of  the  state  geologist,  for  1906, 
p.77-o6.) 

The  same,  abstract.     1907.     (In  Mining  reporter,  ¥.56,  p. 357.) 

Discusses  digging,  washing,  etc.  briefly. 

Kummel,  Henry  B.  &  Hamilton,  S.  H. 

Report  on  some  molding  sands  of  New  Jersey.  1905.  (In  New 
Jersey— Geological  survey.  Annual  report  (41  st)  of  the  state  geolo- 
gist, for  1904,  p.  187-246.) 

"Properties  of  molding  and  core  sands,"  "Distribution  of  Xe\v  Jersey  molding 
sands,"  "Local  details."  Includes  many  tables  of  test  results,  principally  mechanical 
analyses. 

Twitchell,  M.  W. 

Mineral  industry  of  New  Jersey  for  1913.  1914.  (In  New  Jersey — 
Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no. 15.) 

Sand  and  gravel  briefly  considered,  p. 24-25. 

New  Mexico 

Brady,  Frank  W. 

White  sands  of  New  Mexico.  1905.  (In  Scientific  American  sup- 
plement, v.59,  p. 24649.) 

Describes  an  extensive  deposit  of  granular  gypsum,  often  erroneously  referred  to 
as  "sand." 

New  York 

Nason,  Frank  L. 

Economic  geology  of  Albany  county.  1894.  (In  New  York  (state) 
— Museum.  Annual  report  (47th),  for  1893,  p. 459-481.) 

"Gravels,  sands  and  clays,"  p.46o~468.  "Molding  sands,"  p. 468-471.  Table  of 
molding  and  building  sand  production  of  the  district,  p. 480.  Brief  treatment. 

Newland,  D.  H. 

Albany  molding  sand.  1915.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  In- 
stitute of  Metals,  v.9,  p.4O4~4o8.) 

Treats  of  Albany  sand,  as  found  in  the  middle  Hudson  valley  between  Glens  Falls 
and  Kingston.  Gives  geological  features,  general  character,  method  of  production  and 
supply. 

See  also  author's  more  extensive  paper  on  same  subject. 

Newland,  D.  H. 

Albany  molding  sand.  1916.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American 
Foundrymen's  Association,  v.24,  p. 161-176.) 

Discussion,  p.  176-1 78. 

Treats  of  Albany  sand,  as  found  in  the  middle  Hudson  valley  between  Glens  Falls 
and  Kingston.  Gives  geological  features,  characteristics  of  sand,  methods  of  extracting, 
and  statistics  of  production  and  supply. 

See  also  author's  briefer  paper  on  same  subject. 


Newland,  D.  H. 

Mining  and  quarrying  industry  of  New  York  state.  1914.  (In  New 
York  (state) — Museum.  Annual  report  (66th),  for  1912,  pt.2,  p. 5-114.) 

Section  on  "Sand  and  gravel,"  p. 57-62,  treats  of  the  deposits  of  molding-sand,  glass 
sand  and  building  sands. 

Similar  material  available  in  earlier  annual  reports,  and  in  New  York  State  Museum 
Bulletin  before  the  latter  was  merged  with  the  Annual  report. 

Sarle,  Clifton  J. 

Economic  geology  of  Monroe  county  and  contiguous  territory.  1904. 
(In  New  York  (state) — Museum.  Annual  report  (56th),  for  1902,  pt.i, 
p.r  /5-r  106.) 

"Sand  and  gravel  industry,"  p.r92-rioo.  Treats  of  occurrence  of  sand  in  this 
district,  and  gives  list  of  sand  and  gravel  pits. 

Ohio 

Braune,  G.  M.  &  Myers,  C.  C. 

Tests  of  river  and  bank  sands  and  gravels  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  1917. 
(In  Concrete,  v.io,  p.ii5-ii7.) 

Account  of  tests  made  for  the  Committee  on  reinforced  concrete  of  the  Cincinnati 
Engineers'  Club.  Includes  test  results  on  sands  and  gravels  available  near  Cincinnati. 

Carney,  F.  &  Brumback,  A.  M. 

Deposits  of  glass  sand  at  Toboso,  Ohio.  1908.  (In  Ohio  naturalist, 
v.8,  p.358-36i.) 

Description  of  deposit  in  quarries  of  the  Kdward   H.   Kverett  Company. 


Oklahoma 

Buttram,  Frank. 

Glass  sand.  njro.  (In  Oklahoma — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no.6, 
pt.2,  p.88-90.) 

Brief  description  of  location  and  properties  of  Oklahoma  deposits. 

Buttram,  Frank. 

Glass  sands  of  Oklahoma.  1913.  (In  Oklahoma — Geological  survey. 
Bulletin  no.io,  91  p.) 

Includes  information  on  the  status  of  the  glass  industry  of  the  state,  on  glass-making 
and  glass-making  materials,  deposits  of  glass  sand,  etc. 

Gould,  Charles  N. 

Gravel  and  building  sand.  1910.  (In  Oklahoma — Geological  sur- 
vey. Bulletin  no.6,  pt.2,  p. 82-83.) 

Brief  description  of  location  and  properties  of  Oklahoma  deposits. 

Reeds,  Chester  Albert. 

Report  on  the  geological  and  mineral  resources  of  the  Arbuckle 
mountains,  Oklahoma.  1910.  (In  Oklahoma — Geological  survey.  Bul- 
letin no. 3.) 

Section  on  "Sand — Glass  sand,"  p. 60— 61,  gives  brief  treatment  of  the  glass  sand 
deposits  of  the  region. 

Shannon,  C.  W. 

Handbook  on  the  natural  resources  of  Oklahoma.    96  p.     1916. 

"Building  sand  and  gravel"  considered  briefly,  p. 41,   43. 
"Glass  sand,"  p. 57,  59. 

10 


Oregon 

Darton,  N.  H. 

Structural  materials  in  parts  of  Oregon  and  Washington.  1909.  (In 
United  States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no. 387.) 

"(.ravel  and  sand,"  11.13-16. 

Pennsylvania 

Campbell,  Marius  R. 

Description  of  the  Brownsville  and  Connellsville  quadrangles.  1902. 
(In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Geologic  atlas  of  the  United 
States,  folio  no.94.) 

Brief  description  of  glass  sand  deposits,  p.  19. 

Shaw,  Eugene  Wesley. 

Gravel  and  sand  in  the  Pittsburgh  district,  Pennsylvania.  1909.  (In 
United  States — Geological  survey.  .Bulletin  no.43O,  p. 388-399.) 

Gives  geologic  data,  output,  uses,  values,  etc.  of  gravels  and  sands  in  the  Pittsburgh 
district. 

South  Carolina 

Sloan,  Earle. 

Catalogue  of  the  mineral  localities  of  South  Carolina.  1908;  (In 
South  Carolina — Geological  survey.  Series  4,  Bulletin  no.2.) 

Contains  considerable  on  the  sand  deposits  of  the  state. 

Tennessee 

Nelson,  Wilbur  A. 

Some  building  sands  of  Tennessee.  1912.  (In  Tennessee — Geo- 
logical survey.  Resources,  v.2,  P-389-397.) 

Economic  geology  of  Tennessee  sands. 

Texas 

Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

Structural  materials  available  in  the  vicinity  of  Austin,  Texas.  1910. 
(In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no.43o:  Contribution? 
to  economic  geology,  1909,  p. 292-316.) 

Section  on  "Materials  for  concrete"  has  subsection,  "Sand,"  p. 305.  Section  on 
"Materials  for  mortar  and  plaster"  has  subsection,  "Sand,"  p. 308. 


Virginia 

Watson,  Thomas  Leonard. 

Economic  products  of  the  Virginia   coastal  plain.      1912.      (In  Vir- 
ginia— Geological  survey.     Bulletin  110.4,  p. 223-272.) 

Section  on  "Sand  and  gravel,"  p. 239-243,  treats  briefly  of  the  occurrence,   proper- 
ties, analysis  and  production   of  sands  of  the  region. 


West  Virginia 

Stose,  G.  W.  &  Swartz,  C.  K. 

Description  of  the  Pawpaw  and  Hancock  quadrangles  [W.  Va.-Md.]. 
1912.     (In  United  States — Geological  survey.     Geologic  folio  no. 179.) 

"Glass  sand"  and  "Building  and  railroad  sand,"   p.2i. 

II 


Stose,  George  W. 

Glass-sand  industry  in  eastern  West  Virginia.  1906.  (In  United 
States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no. 285:  Contributions  to  economic 
geology,  1905,  p.473-475.) 

Principally  description  of  several  glass-sand  quarries. 


"Wisconsin 

Ries,  Heinrich,  &  Gallup,  F.  L. 

Report  on  the  molding  sands  of  Wisconsin.     1906.     (In  Wisconsin — 
Geological  and  natural  history  survey.     Bulletin  no. 15,  9.193-247.) 

Extensive  investigation,  giving  information  regarding  character  of  Wisconsin  mold- 
ing-sands, and  comparing  them  with  those  of  other  states. 


Foreign  Countries 

Brazil 

Gottschalk,  Alfred  L.  M. 

Brazilian  monazite  sands  lie  in  coastal  strip.     1915.     (In  Mining  and 
engineering  world,  v.42,  9.903-904.) 

Pertains  to  sources  and  nature  of  monazite  sands,  especially  those  of  Brazil. 


Canada 

Ells,  S.  C. 

Investigation  of  bituminous  sands  of  northern  Alberta.  1916.  (In 
Canada — Mines  branch.  (Department  of  mines.)  Summary  report  for 
1915,  9.67-76.) 

Economic  geology  of  bituminous  sand  deposits,  and  results  of  investigations  of  the 
use  of  these  sands  for  paving. 

Ells,  S.  C. 

Preliminary  report  on  the  bituminous  sands  of  northern  Alberta. 
92  p.  1914. 

Issued  by  the  Mines  branch  of  Department  of  mines  of  Canada. 

Study  of  the  economic  importance  of  these  sands,  with  special  reference  to  utiliza- 
tion in  road  construction.  Many  photographs  of  sand  deposits. 

MacKenzie,  George  C. 

Magnetic  iron  sands  of  Natashkwan,  county  of  Saguenay,  province 
of  Quebec.  57  p.  1912. 

Issued  by  the  Mines  branch  of  Department  of  mines  of  Canada. 

Gives  results  of  tests  made  of  these  sands,  as  to  quantity  and  quality,  to  determine 
whether  they  were  of  economic  importance. 


France 

Partiot. 

Memoire  sur  les  sables  de  la  Loire.     1871.     (In  Annales  des  ponts 
et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  5,  v.i,  p. 233-292.) 

Pertains  principally  to  the  geological  features. 

12 


Great  Britain 

Boswell,  P.  G.  H. 

British  glass-sands;  their  location  and  characteristics.  1917.  (In 
Journal  of  the  Society  of  Glass  Technology,  v.i,  transactions,  p. 3-27.) 

The  same,  abstract.  1917.  (In  Chemical  news  and  journal  of  physical 
science,  v.ii5,  p. 58.) 

Concerned  chiefly  with  occurrence,  composition  and  exploitation. 

Boswell,  P.  G.  H. 

Memoir  on  British  resources  of  sands  suitable  for  glass-making, 
with  notes  on  certain  crushed  rocks  and  refractory  materials.  92  p. 
1916. 

Published  at  the  instruction  of  the  Ministry  of  Munitions  of  War,  by  the  Imperial 
College  of  Science  and  Technology. 

Contains  chapters  on  nature  of  sands,  methods  of  study  of  sands,  glass  manufacture, 
requirements  of  a  good  glass  sand,  sands  suitable  for  glass-making,  special  treatment 
of  sands  and  rocks,  and  economical  considerations.  Shows  mechanical  and  chemical 
analyses  of  many  sands. 

Boswell,  P.  G.  H. 

Properties  and  resources  of  refractory  sands  in  this  country  [Eng- 
land]. 1917.  (In  Transactions  of  the  Faraday  Society,  v.i2,  p.i88- 
190.) 

Discussion,  p.igi-ip^. 
Condensed  account. 

Philippine  Islands 
Cox,  Alvin  J.  and  others. 

Sand-lime  brick  and  artificial  sand  stones  in  the  Philippines.  1912. 
(In  Philippine  journal  of  science,  v.7,  pt.i,  p. 317-356. 

Foot-note  references. 

Considers  available  materials  and  commercial  possibilities. 


Transportation  by  Natural  Agencies 
General 

Cleland,  Herdman  Fitzgerald. 

Geology,  phy«ical  and  historical.     718  p.     1916.     Am.  Book  Co. 

Considers  sand  dunes,  p. 46— 52;  and  sand-reefs,  p. 221— 223. 

Cornish,  Vaughan. 

On  kumatology;  the  study  of  the  waves  and  wave-structures  of  the 
atmosphere,  hydrosphere  and  lithosphere.  1899.  (In  Geographical 
journal,  v.i3,  p. 624-626.) 

Discussion,  p. 626-628. 

Abstract  of  paper  before  Royal  Geographical  Society,  March  27,   1899. 

Includes  information  on  waves  occurring  in  sand. 

Cornish,  Vaughan. 

Rippling  of  sand.  1896.  (In  Report  of  the  66th  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Liverpool,  Sept. 
1896,  p.794-795-) 

Brief  abstract  of  paper,  in  which  author  distinguishes  three  principal  kinds  of  sand- 
ripples:  ripple-mark  of  sea,  ripple-mark  of  streams,  ripple-mark  of  dunes.  Tells  how 
each  is  formed. 

13 


Cornish,  Vaughan. 

Waves  of  sand  and  snow  and  the  eddies  which  make  them.  369  p. 
1914.  Unwin. 

Includes  chapters  on  desert  sand  dunes,  aeolian  sand-ripples,  ripple-marks  and  current- 
marks  in  subaqueous  sand-waves,  sand-waves  in  tidal  currents,  and  the  composition  of 
quicksand. 

Haltenberger,  Michael. 

On  a  genetic  system  of  sand  dunes,  including  two  new  types.  1913. 
(In  Bulletin  of  the  American  Geographical  Society,  ¥.45,  p. 513-515.) 

Brief  discussion  of  methods  of  classifying  sand-dunes,  with  special  reference  to  the 
proper  distinction  between  sea-shore,  river,  and  continental  dunes. 

Hedin,  Sven,  cd. 

Scientific  results  of  a  journey  in  central  Asia.     6v.     1899-1902. 

Contains  much  information,  especially  in  v.i  and  v.2,  on  the  sand  dunes  of  the 
region — on  dune  formation,  dimensions  and  travel;  ripple-marks  and  waves;  encroach- 
ment of  sand  on  rivers;  and  relation  between  lakes  and  dunes. 

Shaler,  N.  S. 

Phenomena  of  beach  and  dune-sands.  1894.  (In  Bulletin  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  America,  v.5,  p. 207-21 2.) 

Treats  of  sources,  properties,   value,  and  moverru 


Water 
Ayr  ton,  Hertha. 

Origin  and  growth  of  ripple-mark.  1911.  (In  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  London,  ser.  A,  ¥.84,  p. 285-310.) 

Illustrated  description  of  experiments  in  support  of  author's  theories  as  to  the  for- 
mation of  ripple-marks  in  sand. 

Cornish,  Vaughan. 

Ocean  waves,  sea-beaches  and  sandbanks.  1912.  (In  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Arts,  v.6o,  p. 1105-1  no,  1121-1126.) 

Two  Cantor  lectures,  the  second  of  which  is  "On  the  principles  which  govern  the 
transportation  of  sand  and  shingle  by  tides  and  waves,  with  a  note  on  the  Severn  Bore." 

Cornish,  Vaughan. 

On  sand-waves  in  tidal  currents.  1901.  (In  Geographical  journal, 
v.i 8,  p. 1 70-200.) 

Discussion,  p. 200— 202. 

Paper  before   Royal   Geographical  Society,  June   10,    1901. 

Principally  concerned  with  an  account  of  author's  observations  at  several  different 
places. 

Cornish,  Vaughan. 

On  sea-beaches  and  sandbanks.  1898.  (In  Geographical  journal, 
v.i  I,  p. 5 28-543,  628-647.) 

Discussion,  ^.647-6^,7. 

Sec  also  author's  "On  the  formation  of  sand-dunes"   (p.  18  of  this  list). 

Paper  before  Royal  Geographical   Society,  March   16,   1898. 

Includes  sections  on  motions  of  bottom  water  of  the  sea,  mud  flats  of  the  deep  sea, 
sorting  of  sand  from  shingle  and  from  mud,  making  of  a  shingle  beach,  ridge-and- 
furrow  structure  of  a  shingle  ness,  along-shore  drift  of  beach  shingle,  travel  of  shingle 
across  the  bays  of  the  English  channel,  growth  and  diminution  of  a  shingle  ness,  grad- 
ing of  beach  shingle,  influence  of  specific  gravity  on  behavior  of  beach  material,  sandy 
beaches,  and  making  of  sandbanks  and  sandy  forelands. 

U 


Cornish,  Vaughan. 

On  the  formation  of  wave  surfaces  in  sand.  1901.  (In  Scottish  geo- 
graphical magazine,  \.ij,  p.i-n.) 

Author  gives  his  reasons  for  the  causes  of  sand-ripples,  based  on  his  observations 
of  sand-waves  in  many  localities. 

Cornish,  Vaughan. 

Waves  of  the  sea  and  other  water  waves.     374  p.     1910.     Unwin. 

Pt.2,  p.  141-21 7,  "On  the  action  of  sea  waves  to  transport  shingle,  sand  and  mud." 

Darwin,  G.  H. 

On  the  formation  of  ripple-mark  in  sand.  1884.  (In  Proceedings 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  v.36,  p. 18-43.) 

The  same,  abstract.     1883.     (In  Nature,  v.29,  p.  162-1 64.) 

Gives  results  of  experiments  and  observations  on  the  formation  of  ripple-marks,  and 
presents  views  of  several  other  observers  in  this  field. 

Dent,  Elliott  J. 

Preservation  of  sandy  beaches  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  city. 
1916.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers, 
v.8o,  p.i786-i8o5.) 

Discussion,  p.  1806-1829. 

Concerned  with  the  effect  of  wave  action  on  sandy  beaches. 

Gilbert,  Grove  Karl. 

Transportation  of  debris  by  running  water.  1914.  (In  United  States 
— Geological  survey.  Professional  papers  no.86,  263  p.) 

Gives  results  of  exhaustive  experimental  study.  Sand  of  various  sizes  of  grain  was 
used  as  debris. 

Graham,  James  C. 

On  a  peculiar  method  of  sand-transportation  by  rivers.  1890.  (In 
American  journal  of  science,  ser.  3,  v.4O,  p.476.) 

Comments  on  the  phenomenon  of  coarse  sand  floating  on  the  surface  of  a  river  of 
low  current  velocity. 

Hunt,  Arthur  Roope. 

On  the  formation  of  ripplemark.  1883.  (In  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  London,  v.34,  p.i-i8.) 

Observations  and  experiments  of  author  in  regard  to  ripples  in  sand,  principally  on 
beaches  and  under  water. 

Keller,  H. 

Studien  iiber  die  gestaltung  der  sandkiisten  und  die  anlage  der  -see- 
hafen  im  sandgebiet.  1881-82.  (In  Zeitschrift  fiir  bauwesen,  v.3i,  text, 
p. 189-210,  301-318,  411-422;  v>32,  p. 19-36,  161-180.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.  1882.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.67,  p. 455-464.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.  1882.  (In  Van  Nostrand's  engineering 
magazine,  v.27,  p. 71-77.) 

Contains  considerable  on  formation  of  sand-banks  and  on  the  influence  of  sandy 
coasts  on  harbor  construction. 

Lechalas. 

Sur  les  rivieres  a  fond  de  sable.  1871.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et 
chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  5,  v.i,  p. 381-431.) 

Mathematical  treatment  of  the  subject  of  sand  movements  in  rivers. 

15 


Man's  war  against  the  sands.     1913.     (In  Harper's  weekly,  v.57,  pt.i, 
Jan.  25,  1913,  p.3o.) 

Brief  mention  of  the  difficulty  of  controlling  sand  movements  along  sea-coasts. 

Matthews,  Ernest  B. 

Harbour  projections  and  their  effect  upon  the  travel  of  sand  and 
shingle.  1914.  (In  Report  of  the  83d  meeting  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Birmingham,  1913,  p. 610-611.) 

The  same.  1913.  (In  Journal  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Arts,  v.6i, 
p.  1044-1045.) 

Abstract  of  paper. 

Osborne,  P.ercy  T. 

Sand-bag  embankment  across  Little  Inlet,  Brigantine  Beach,  N.  J. 
1885.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  Engineers'  Club  of  Philadelphia,  v.5, 
p. 117-120.) 

Account  of  the  use  of  hags  of  sand  for  changing  the  natural  sand-transporting  effect 
of  the  sea,  and  causing  new  land  to  he  formed. 

Owens,  J.  S. 

Transport  and  settlement  of  sand  in  water,  and  a  method  of  ,explor- 
ing  sand  bars.  1913.  (In  Engineer  [London],  v.n6,  p. 343.) 

The  same,  abstract.  1914.  (In  Report  of  the  83d  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Birmingham,  1913, 
p.  611-612.) 

Treats  of  movement  of  sand-ripples,  formation  of  quicksands,  erosion  due  to  ob- 
structions  in  a  current,  influence  of  suspended  matter  on  the  specific  gravity  of  the 
liquid,  tendency  of  bodies  settling  in  water  to  choose  the  position  of  greatest  resistance, 
and  an  instrument  for  exploring  sand-hanks  and  river-beds. 

Owens,  John  S. 

Experiments  on  the  settlement  of  sand  in  running  water.  1912. 
(In  Geographical  journal,  v.39,  p. 247-257.) 

Discussion,  p. 257-265. 

(lives  methods  and  test  results  to  determine  the  rates  of  settlement  of  different 
grades  of  sand  in  a  current  of  water.  ''The  results  obtained  are  contrary  to  what  might 
have  been  expected." 

Owens,  John  S. 

Experiments  on  the  settlement  of  solids  in  water.  1911.  (In  Geo- 
graphical journal,  v.37,  p.59~77-) 

Discussion,  p. 77-79. 

Test  methods  and  results  are  given.  Covers  research  on  seven  different  experi- 
ments, all  in  still  water,  two  of  which  have  a  direct  bearing  on  sand. 

Reynolds,  Osborne. 

On  model  estuaries.  1890.  (In  Report  of  the  59th  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  1889,  p. 328-343.) 

Report  of  work  of  a  committee  appointed  to  investigate  the  "action  of  waves  and 
currents  on  the  beds  and  foreshores  of  estuaries  by  means  of  working  models."  Ap- 
paratus is  described  and  test  results  given  as  to  the  effect  produced  on  sand  by  artificial 
waves  set  up  by  the  apparatus. 

Simonds,  Erederick  W. 

Floating  sand;  an  unusual  mode  of  river  transportation.  1896.  (In 
American  geologist,  v.17,  p. 29-37.) 

Author  describes  his  observations  of  the  floating  of  sand  on  the  Llano  river,  Texas, 
and  advances  an  explanation  for  the  phenomenon. 

16 


Spring,  Francis  Joseph  Edward. 

Coastal  sand-travel  near  Madras  harbour.  1914.  (In  Minutes  of 
proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.194,  p. 153-171.) 

Discussion  and  correspondence,  p.  171—239. 

The  same,  abstract.     1913.     (In  Engineering,  v.95,  p. 530.) 

On  the  movement  of  sand  along  the  southeast  coast  of  India,  which  movement 
threatens  to  overwhelm  Madras  harbor. 

Thomas,  B.  F.  &  Watt,  D.  A. 

Improvement  of  rivers;  a  treatise  on  the  methods  employed  for  im- 
proving streams  for  open  navigation,  and  for  navigation  by  means  of 
locks  and  dams.  Ed. 2,  rewritten  &  enl.  2v.  1913.  Wiley. 

Considerable  attention  to  sand  in  its  relation  to  natural  processes,  such  as  erosion 
and  transportation  by  water,  and  also  in  its  relation  to  artificial  work,  such  as  levees 
and  foundations. 

Wheeler,  William  Henry. 

Bars  at  the  mouths  of  tidal  estuaries.  1890.  (In  Minutes  of  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.ioo,  p. 116-143.) 

Discussion  and  correspondence,  p.  144-216. 

Includes  much  information  on  sand  in  regard  to  its  tendency  to  form  bars  at  the 
mouths  of  rivers. 

Wheeler,  William  Henry. 

Littoral  drift,  in  its  relation  to  the  outfalls  of  rivers  and  to  the  con- 
struction and  maintenance  of  harbours  on  sandy  coasts.  1896.  (In 
Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.i25, 

P-2-3.2.) 

Discussion  and  correspondence,   p. 33-87. 

The  same,  abstract.     1897.     (In  Geographical  journal,  v.g,  p. 668-669.) 

Includes  much  information  on  sand  as  it  occurs  in   sand  bars. 


Wind 

Dunes  and  their  Control 

Beadnell,  H.J.Llewellyn. 

Sand  dunes  of  the   Libyan   desert.     1910.      (In   Geographical   maga- 
zine, v.35,  p-379-392.) 

Discussion,  p. 392-395. 
See  also  letter  by  David  Comyn,  p. 605. 

Discusses  origin,   form,   rate   of   movement,    and   general   geographical   and   economi- 
cal aspects. 

Botsford,  Amelia  H. 

Ropes  of  sand.     1901.     (In  New  England  magazine,  v.30,  n.  s.  v.24, 
P-3-H-) 

Illustrated   account   of   methods   used   in    various    localities    for    preventing    excessive 
drifting  of  sand. 

Braine,  Charles  Dimond  Horatio. 

Reclamation  of  drift-sands  in  Cape  Colony.     1902.     (In  Minutes  of 
proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.iso,  p. 376-397-) 

Gives   description   of   the   dunes   of  the   region   and   of  methods   used   in   controlling 
them. 

17 


Bremontier,  N.  T. 

Memoire  sur  les  dunes;  et  particulierement  sur  celles  qui  sc  trouvent 
cntre  Bayonne  et  la  pointe  de  Grave,  a  I'embouchure  de  la  Gironde. 
*833.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  i,  v.5,  p. 145- 
186.) 

Causes  of  sand  dunes  and  methods  of  preventing  them  and  of  retarding  their  travel. 

Cornish,  Vaughan. 

On  desert  sand-dunes  bordering  the  Nile  delta.  1900.  (In  Geo- 
graphical journal,  v.15,  p. 1-30.) 

Discussion,  p.3o-32. 

Paper  before  Royal  Geographical  Society,  Nov.  27,   1899. 

Extensive  account  of  results  of  author's  investigations  of  causes  and  character  of 
African  desert  dunes. 

Cornish,  Vaughan. 

On  the  formation  of  sand-dunes.  1897.  (In  Geographical  journal, 
v.9,  p. 278-302.) 

Discussion,  p. 302-309. 

See  also  author's  "On  sea-beaches  and  sandbanks"   (p.  14  of  this  list). 

Paper  before  Royal  Geographical   Society,  Jan.    19,   1897. 

Includes  sections  on  rippling  of  sand  by  wind,  vertical  section  of  dunes,  ground- 
plan  of  dunes,  and  action  of  obstacles. 

Cornish,  Vaughan. 

On  the  observation  of  desert  sand-dunes.  1908.  (In  Geographical 
journal,  v.3i,  p.4OO-4O2.) 

Suggestions  for  those  who  intend  to  travel  in  dune  country  and  who  wish  to  study 
sand  dunes. 

Cornish,  Vaughan. 

Sand  dunes.  1896.  (In  Report  of  the  66th  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Liverpool,  Sept.  1896, 
P.857-) 

Brief  abstract  of  paper  giving  reasons  for  the  peculiar  forms  of  sand  dunes. 

Costaz. 

Memoire  sur  les  sables  du  desert.  1833.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et 
chaussees,  menioires,  ser.  i,  v.5,  p. 383-388.) 

Concerned  with  the  phenomena  of  the  movements  of  desert  sands. 

Fighting   the   sand   peril.      1916.      (In    Popular    science   monthly,   v.89, 
p.  198-199.) 

The  same,  condensed.     1916.     (In  Literary  digest,  v.53,  p.4O3-4O4.) 

Short  illustrated  description  of  methods  of  fighting  dunes. 

Gillet-Laumont,  and  others. 

Sur  les  differents  menioires  de  M.  Bremontier,  inspecteur  general 
des  ponts  et  chaussees,  charge  de  la  dixieme  division,  et  sur  les  travaux 
fails  pour  fixer  et  cultiver  les  dunes  du  golfe  de  Gascogne,  entre  1'Adour 
et  la  Gironde.  1833.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires, 
ser.  i,  v.5,  p. 192-218.) 

Hitchcock,  A.  S. 

Controlling  sand  dunes  in  the  United  States  and  Europe.  1904.  (In 
National  geographic  magazine,  v.i5,  p.43~47.) 

Illustrated  description  of  methods  used  in  various  localities  in  coping  with  sand 
dune  travel. 

18 


Hitchcock,  A.  S. 

Methods  used  for  controlling  and  reclaiming  sand  dunes.  1904. 
(In  United  States — Plant  industry  bureau.  Bulletin  no.57,  p.g-36.) 

Treats  of  formation  of  dunes  and  of  methods  at  home  and  abroad  of  fixation  of 
drifting  sands^  principally  by  planting. 

King,  W.  J.  Harding. 

Nature  and  formation  of  sand  ripples  and  dunes.  1916.  (In  Geo- 
graphical journal,  v.4/,  p.  189-207.) 

Discussion,  p. 207-209. 

Gives  author's  opinions,  as  formed  after  he  had  spent  seven  winters  in  the  Algerian 
Sahara  and  the  Libyan  deserts,  making  observations  and  tests. 

Marsh,  George  P. 

The  earth  as  modified  by  human  action:  a  last  revision  of  "Man  and 
nature."  629  p.  1885.  Scribner. 

Chapter  5,  "The  sands,"  P-525— 583,  deals  with  the  nature  and  distribution  of  sand 
and  sand  dunes. 

Olsson-Seffer,  Pehr. 

Relation  of  wind  to  topography  of  coastal  drift  sands.  1908.  ( In 
Journal  of  geology,  v.i6,  p. 549-563.) 

Gives  results  of  observation  and  experiment  as  carried  out  in  Europe,  North  and 
Central  America,  Australia  and  the  South  Sea  islands. 

Ries,  Heinrich,  &  Watson,  T.  L. 

Engineering  geology.     6/2  p.     1914.     Wiley. 

Contains  several  references  to  sand  and  dunes,  principally  from  the  geologic 
standpoint. 

Rolland,  G. 

Sur  les  grandes  dunes  de  sable  de  Sahara.  1881.  (In  Comptes 
rendus  hebdomadaires  des  seances  de  1'Academie  des  Sciences,  \.Q2, 
p.968-9/1.) 

Sand   dunes;    how    they   are    reclaimed    in    Europe   and   in    the    United 
States.     1913.     (In  Scientific  American,  v.122,  n.  s.  v.ioS,  p. 581.) 

Illustrated  description  of  various  methods  of  preventing  the  drifting  of  sand. 

Sanford,  F.  Hobart. 

Michigan's  shifting  sands;  their  control  and  better  utilization.  1916. 
31  p.  (In  Michigan — Agricultural  experiment  station.  Special  bulle- 
tin no. 79.) 

Presents  methods  for  coping  with  sand  dunes. 

Sanford,  Samuel. 

Rise  of  sea  level  shown  by  coastal  dunes.  1916.  (  In  Science,  v.66, 
n.  s.  v.43,  p-348-349-) 

Directs  attention  to  the  value  of  the  evidence  shown  by  coastal  dunes  as  indicating 
changes  of  sea  level  with  respect  to  the  land. 

Vegetation  for  Control  of  Dunes 
See  also  Dunes  and  their  Control 

Champion,  H.  V. 

Marram  grass  as  a  sand-binder  in  Victoria,  Australia.  1902.  (In 
Engineering  news,  v.48,  p. 329.) 

Abstract  of  paper  before  Victorian  Institution  of  Engineers. 

19 


Gifford,  John. 

Control    and   fixation    of    shifting    sands.      1898.      (In    Engineering 
magazine,  v.14,  p. 603-614.) 

On  the  utilization  of  trees  to  prevent  shifting  of  loose  sand. 

Hall,  William  L. 

Timber  resources  of  Nebraska.     1902.     (In  United  States — Agricul- 
ture, Department  of.    Yearbook  for  1901,  p. 207-216.) 

Brief  reference  to  reclamation  of  waste  sand-hills  in  Nebraska  by  the  cultivation  of 
pine-trees  on  them,  p. 215-216. 

Lamson-Scribner,  F. 

Division  of  agrostology.    1898.     (In  United  States — Agriculture,  De- 
partment of.    Yearbook  for  1897,  P- 160-175.) 

Sand-binding    grasses    for    sand    dunes,    and    their    utilization    in    various    localities, 
touched  upon,  9.173-175. 

Lamson-Scribner,  F. 

Grasses  as  sand  and  soil  binders.     1895.     (In  United  States — Agri- 
culture, Department  of.    Yearbook  for  1894,  p.42i~436.) 

See  also  appendix   giving  list  of  grasses   suitable  for  use   as   sand-binders   and  soil- 
binders,  p. 580. 

See  also  Locke,  Thomas  J. 

The  same,  abstract.     1902.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.47,  p. 341-343.) 

Excellent  paper  on  a  subject  seldom  touched  upon.     Gives  information  on  varieties 
best  suited  to  various  conditions. 

Lamson-Scribner,  F. 

Progress  of  economic  and  scientific  agrostology.     1900.     (In  United 
States — Agriculture,  Department  of.     Yearbook  for  1899,  p. 346-366.) 

Special  investigation  of  grasses  suitable  as  sand-binders  mentioned,  p. 354.     Mentions 
the  discovery  of  a  new  variety  of  sand-binding  grass. 

Lamson-Scribner,  F. 

Sand-binding  grasses.     1899.     (In  United  States — Agriculture,  De- 
partment of.    Yearbook  for  1898,  p.4O5~42o.) 

Gives  data  on  best  varieties  of  grass  to  use  under  various  conditions. 

Locke,  Thomas  J. 

Grasses  as  sand  and  soil-binders.     1902.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.47, 
P-333-) 

Letter  to  editor  asking  information  as  to  where  seed  for  sand-binding  grass  may  be 
obtained. 

Sec  also  Lamson-Scribner,  F. 


Physical  Properties 

See  also  Economic  Geology 

Testing  in  General 

Crosby,  W.  O. 

Study  of  hard-packed  sand  and  gravel.  1902.  (In  Technology 
quarterly,  v.i5,  p. 260-264.) 

Gives  results  of  tests  made  on  sands  containing  various  amounts  of  moisture,  to 
determine  their  degree  of  firmness  or  "hard-packed"  state,  and  reasons  for  same.  Data 
applicable  to  the  interpretation  of  wash-drill  test  borings  in  sand. 

20 


Elfreth,  Harold  D. 

Effect  of  moisture  on  the  bulk  of  dry  sand.  1908.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.6o,  p. 211.) 

Letter  to  editor  criticizing  the  explanation  given  in  Taylor  and  Thompson's  "Treatise 
on  concrete"  for  the  increase  of  bulk  of  sand  when  it  is  moistened.  Author  offers 
another  theory  for  the  phenomenon. 

See  also  Stellhorn,  A. 

Hersam,  Ernest  A. 

Flow  of  sands  through  orifices.  1914.  (In  Journal  of  the  Franklin 
Institute,  v.i77,  9.419-444.) 

Experiments  to  determine  flow  of  dry  sands  and  like  substances  through  orifices, 
under  varied  conditions  and  different  sand  heads.  Results  presented  by  means  of  charts 
and  tables. 

Murphy,  E.  C. 

Density  and  draining  capacity  of  artificial  and  natural  mixtures  of 
sand  and  gravel.  1909.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.62,  p. 335.) 

Test  data  presented  by  tables  and  charts  to  show  characteristics  of  sample  sands  and 
gravels  from  California  sources. 

Rea,  A.  S. 

Apparent  specific  gravity  of  non-homogeneous  fine  aggregates. 
1917.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials, 
v.i  7,  pt.2,  p.256-26o.) 

Describes  a  relatively  accurate  method  for  determining  apparent  specific  gravity  of 
fine  materials  having  porous  grains.  Method  claimed  to  be  especially  useful  in  testing 
sands  for  concrete. 

Richards,  R.  H.  &  Dudley,  Boyd,  ji 

Experiments  on  the  flow  of  sand  and  water  through  spigots.  1915. 
(In  Transactions  of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  Y.SI, 
p.398-403.) 

Discussion,  p. 403-404. 

The  same,  abstract.  1915.  (In  Metallurgical  and  chemical  engineer, 
v.i3,  p. 120.) 

Considers  rate  of  discharge,  through  spigots,  of  mixtures  of  sand  and  water,  es- 
pecially such  mixtures  as  are  common  in  ore-dressing  operations. 

Standard  terminology  for  filter  and  concrete  sands.     (In  Engineering 
record,  v.7i,  p. 671.) 

Editorial  advocating  the  adoption  of  a  single  system  and  terminology  for  the  analy- 
sis of  sands  for  any  purpose. 

Stellhorn,  A. 

Effect  of  moisture  on  the  bulk  of  dry  sand.  1908.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.6o,  p. 310.) 

Letter  to  editor  concerning  Harold  D.  Elfreth's  contribution  of  same  title.  Author 
presents  test  data  showing  actual  effect  of  moisture  on  the  bulk  of  dry  sand. 

Test  procedure   for   obtaining  weight  per   cubic   foot   of  sand.      1917. 
(In  Engineering  record,  v.75,  p. 384.) 

Results  of  experiments  to  determine  size  and  shape  of  measure,  method  of  filling, 
degree  of  moisture,  etc.  under  which  the  most  uniform  results  may  be  obtained  by  dif- 
ferent operators. 

Whinery,  S. 

Table  giving  voids  in  sand,  based  on  weight  method.  1914.  (In 
Engineering  news,  v.7i,  9.572.) 

This  method  is  said  to  be  simpler  and  more  nearly  accurate  than  the  method  of 
filling  a  measured  volume  of  sand  with  water. 

21 


Whited,  Willis. 

Flow  of   semi-fluids   through   orifices.      1901.      (In    Proceedings    of 
Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  v.i7,  p. 113-123.) 

Discussion,  p.  123-1 29. 

Applicable  to  sand  flow. 


Bearing  Value,  Pressure  and  Related  Properties 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 

Progress  report  of  the  Special  committee  to  codify  present  practice 
on  the  bearing  value  of  soils  for  foundations,  1917.  (In  its  Proceed- 
ings, v.43,  p.i  171-1248.) 

Appears  in  "Proceedings,"  no. 6,  for  Aug.  1917,  in  portion  called  "Papers  and  dis- 
cussions," which  will  later  appear  with  changed  pagination  as  "Transactions." 

Appendix  B,  p.i  192-1240,  gives  "Bibliography  of  physical  properties  and  bearing 
value  of  soils,"  which  has  section  on  "Sand  and  gravel"  and  one  on  "Quicksand."  These 
sections  contain  a  total  of  32  references. 

Boussinesq,  J. 

Equilibrium  of  pulverulent  bodies.  1878.  (In  Minutes  of  proceed- 
ings of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.5i,  p. 277-283.) 

Abstract  of  paper  on  the  theory  of  equilibrium  of  sand,  earth  and  similar  granular 
substances. 

Boussinesq,  J. 

Note  on  Mr  G.  H.  Darwin's  paper  "On  the  horizontal  thrust  of  a 
mass  of  sand."  1883.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  v.72,  p. 262-271.) 

Brunlees,  James. 

Description  of  the  iron  viaducts  erected  across  the  tidal  estuaries 
of  the  rivers  Leven  and  Kent,  in  Morecambe  bay,  for  the  Ulverstone 
and  Lancaster  railway.  1858.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  In- 
stitution of  Civil  Engineers,  v.i/,  p.442-447.) 

Discussion,  p. 448. 

Account  of  the  building  of  bridge  foundations  in  a.  peculiar  quicksand. 

Building  and   machinery   foundations   in   quicksand.      1906.      (In    Engi- 
neering record,  v.53,  p. 247-248.) 

Fourteen-story  office  building  with  pile  foundation. 

Concrete  mat  on  confined  sand  supports  boiler  plant.     1917.     (In  Engi- 
neering news,  v.77,  p. 508-509.) 

Wet-flowing  sand  converted  into  stable  foundation  by  confining  it  with  interlocking 
sheet-piling,  and  covering  it  with  reinforced  concrete. 

Curtis,  W.  W. 

Sand  as  a  foundation.  1886.  (In  Engineering  news  and  American 
contract  journal,  v.ij,  p. 314-316,  340-342.) 

Presents  data  obtained  by  several  French  investigators  on  the  physical  and  me- 
chanical properties  of  sand. 

Darwin,  George  Howard. 

On  the  horizontal  thrust  of  a  mass  of  sand.  1883.  (In  Minutes  of 
proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.7i,  p. 350-378.) 

Describes  tests  performed  and  gives  theoretical  explanation   of  results  observed. 

Sec  also   Boussinesq,  J. 
Gaudard,  Jules. 

22 


Enger,  Melvin. 

Experiments  on  the  distribution  of  vertical  pressure  through  sand. 
1916.  (In  Railway  review,  v.58,  p.  129-132.) 

Illustrated  description  of  tests  and  of  results  obtained.  Action  of  sand  under  load 
is  shown  photographically.  Author  concludes  that  the  tests  and  photographs  prove  that 
certain  common  assumptions  regarding  earth  pressures  are  not  true. 

Forchheimer,  Ph. 

Ueber  sanddruck  und  bewegungserscheinungen  im  innern  trockenen 
sandes.  1882.  (In  Zeitschrift  des  Oesterreichischen  Ingenieur-  und  Ar- 
chitekten-Vereins,  v.34,  p.i  11-126.) 

See  also  author's  supplementary  paper  of  same  title. 

The  same,  abstract  translation.  1883.  (In  Engineering  news  and  Ameri- 
can contract  journal,  v.io,  P-97-98.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.  1883.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.jz,  p. 331-332.) 

Results  of  experiments  on  sand  pressures  and  sand  movements.  Mathematical  treat- 
ment. 

Forchheimer,  Ph. 

Ueber  sanddruck  und  bewegunserscheinungen  im  innern  trockenen 
sandes.  1883.  (In  Zeitschrift  des  Oesterreichischen  Ingenieur-  und  Ar- 
chitekten-Vereins,  v.35,  p. 103-108.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.  1884.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  v./5,  p-331-332. ) 

Supplement  to  author's  previous  paper  of  same  title. 

Gaudard,  Jules. 

Note  on  Mr  G.  H.  Darwin's  paper  "On  the  horizontal  thrust  of  a 
mass  of  sand."     1883.     (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  v.72,  p. 272-274.) 
Hagen. 

Untersuchung  iiber  den  druck  und  die  reibung  des  sandes.  1833. 
(In  Annalen  der  physik  und  chemie,  v.ii6,  n.  s.  v.28,  p. 17-48,  297-323.) 

Mathematical  treatment. 

Kick,  Fr. 

Das  gesetz  der  proportionalen  widerstande  und  seine  anwendung 
auf  sanddruck  und  sprengen.  1883.  (In  Dingler's  polytechnisches 
journal,  V.25O,  p. 141-145.) 

Theoretical. 

Landreth,  William  B. 

Improvement  of  a  portion  of  the  Jordan  level  of  the  Erie  canal. 
1900.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers, 
v-43,  Po66-58i.) 

Discussion,  p. 582— 602. 

The  same,  abstract.     1900.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.4i,  p. 137.) 

Valuable  information  on  quicksand  and  its  bearing  value. 

Merriman,  Mansfield. 

On   the  theories  of  the  lateral  pressure   of  sand  against   regaining 
walls.     1887.     (In  School  of  Mines  quarterly,  v.9,  p. 109-1 12.) 
The  same,  abstract.     1888.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.19,  p.152.) 
The  same,  abstract.     1887.     (In  Proceedings  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  v.36,  p.i66.) 

23 


Moreau,  and  others. 

Emploi  du  sable  dans  les  fondations  sur  sol  compressible.  1835. 
(In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  i,  v.io,  p. 171-214.) 

Moyer,  J.  A. 

Distribution  of  vertical  soil  pressures.  1914.  (In  Engineering  record, 
V.6Q,  p. 608-609.) 

Dry-sand  tests  conducted  at  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  Pennsylvania  State 
College  to  determine  the  vertical  pressures  transmitted  from  external  loads  through  vari- 
ous depths  of  soil.  Records  only  the  initial  tests,  which  are  for  sand  only.  Tests  on 
other  types  of  soil  contemplated. 

Sand  foundations  for  high  buildings.      1912.      (In  Engineering  record, 
v.66,  p.3io.) 

Gives  various  loads  on  sand. 

Siegler. 

Experiences  notivelles  sur  la  poussee  du  sable.  1887.  (In  Annales 
des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  6,  ¥.13,  pt.i,  p. 488-505.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.  1887.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.9O,  p. 465-467.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.  1887.  (In  Scientific  American  supple- 
ment, v.24,  p.9724-9725.) 

Describes  new  scheme  for  experimentally  determining,  by  the  use  of  a  friction- 
dynamometer,  the  thrust  of  a  mass  of  sand. 

Singular  phenomenon  in  sand.    1884.    (In  Engineering  news,  V.IT,  p. 65.) 

Short  note.  Pile  embedded  upright  in  sand  has  been  seen  to  move  bodily  down 
stream. 

Sinking  machinery  foundations  in  quicksand  without  excavation.     1905. 
(In  Engineering  record,  v.52,  p.526.) 

Erection  of  boring-mill  in  General  Electric  Company's  plant,   Schenectady,  N.   Y. 

Steel  pile   foundation  in  a  quicksand  pocket.      1908.      (In   Engineering 
record,  v.57,  p. 203.) 

Details  of  work  on   foundation   of    1 6-story  building  in   New   York. 

Substructure  of  the  New  York  Municipal  building.      1910.      (In   Engi- 
neering record,  v.62,  p. 57-58.) 

Editorial  chiefly  discussing  the  tests  performed  on  the  bearing  value   of  sand. 

Wilson,  George. 

Some  experiments  on  conjugate  pressures  in  fine  sand  and  their 
variation  with  the  presence  of  water.  1902.  (In  Minutes  of  proceed- 
ings of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.149,  p.2o8-222.) 

Gives  results  of  experiments  performed  in  order  to  determine  the  relation  between 
theoretical  and  actual  earth  pressures. 

Miscellaneous 
Condi!,  D.  .Dale. 

Petrographic  character  of  Ohio  sands  with  relation  to  their  origin. 
1912.  (In  Journal  of  geology,  v.2O,  p.i52-i63.) 

Presents  results  of  examinations  of  about  90  rock  samples  and  of  40  uncemented 
recent  sands. 

24 


Diller,  Joseph  Silas. 

Educational  series  of  rock  specimens  collected  and  distributed  by 
the  United  States  geological  survey.  1898.  (In  United  States — Geo- 
logical survey.  Bulletin  no. 150.) 

Description  of  geological  specimens  from  various  states,  collected  by  the  survey 
since  1882.  Includes  considerable  on  sand,  especially  beach,  dune,  marine,  oolitic,  re- 
sidual and  volcanic  sands. 

Grabau,  A.  W. 

On  the  classification  of  sand  grains.  1911.  (In  Science,  v.$6,  n.  s. 
v-33,  p.  1005-1007.) 

Criticism  of  paper  by  William  H.  Sherzer  in  Bulletin  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
America,  v.2i,  p. 625-662. 

Grabau,  Amadeus  W. 

On  the  classification  of  sedimentary  rocks.  1904.  (In  American 
geologist,  v.33,  p.228-24/.) 

Includes  reference  to  certain  purely  geological   features   of  various  sands. 

Hatch,  Frederick  Henry,  &  Rastall,  R.  H. 

Petrology  of  the  sedimentary  rocks,  with  appendix  on  The  system- 
atic examination  of  loose  detrital  sediments,  by  T.  Crook.  425  p.  1913. 
Allen. 

Contains  considerable  material  on  sand,  especially  in  the  section  "Sand  deposits," 
P-39-57- 

Hiibbe. 

Von  der  beschaffenheit  und  dem  verhalten  des  sandes.  1861.  (In 
Zeitschrift  fur  bauwesen,  v.n,  p. 19-42,  183-226.) 

Rather  technical  study  of  the  properties  and  classification  of  sands  and  of  the  action 
of  flowing  water  on  sand.  Special  reference  to  German  sand  deposits.  Many  diagrams. 

King,  Franklin  Hiram. 

Principles  and  conditions  of  the  movements  of  ground  water.  1899. 
(In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Annual  report  (igth),  1897-98, 
pt.2,  p.59-294.) 

Contains  much  information  as  to  the  influence  of  sand  on-  the  flow  of  ground 
water. 

King,  W.  J.  Harding. 

Travels  in  the  Libyan  desert.  1912.  (In  Geographical  journal,  v.39, 
P-I33-I37-) 

Describes  the  curious  "song  of  the  sands."     Gives  no  theory  as  to  its  cause. 

Le  Chatelier,  Henry. 

La  silice  et  les  silicates.     574  p.     1914.     Hermann,  Paris. 
Theoretical  treatise  on  silica  and  the  silicates  in  general. 

Mason,  W.  P. 

Water  supply  of  Amsterdam,  Holland.  1905.  (In  Engineering  news, 
v-53.  P437-438.) 

Illustrated  description  of  Amsterdam's  water-supply  system,  which  depends  upon 
the  sand  dunes  of  the  region.  Gives  various  theories  to  explain  how  the  dunes  obtain 
and  hold  water. 

25 


Merrill,  George  P. 

Guide  to  the  study  of  the  collections  in  the  section  of  applied  ge- 
ology; nonmetallic  minerals.  [United  States  National  Museum.]  1901. 
(In  Smithsonian  Institution.  Annual  report  (54th),  1899,  pt.2,  p.155- 
483.) 

Molding-sand  briefly  considered,  p. 474-477.  Includes  a  few  bibliographical  foot- 
notes. 

Phillips,  Charles  E.  S. 

Electrical  and  other  properties  of  sand.  1910.  (In  Nature,  v.84, 
p.255-26i.) 

Describes  several  peculiar  physical  properties  of  sand. 

Sanford,  Samuel. 

Topography  and  geology  of  southern  Florida.  1909.  (In  Florida — 
Geological  survey.  Second  annual  report,  p. 177-231.) 

Considers  dunes,  p.  182-185;   rolling  sand  plains,  p.  185;   sands,  p. 226-227. 

Sherzer,  William  H. 

Criteria  for  the  recognition  of  the  various  types  of  sand  grains.  1910. 
(In  Bulletin  of  the  Geological  Society  of  America,  v.2T,  p. 625-662.) 

Discussion,  P-775-/76. 

Technical  treatment.      Many   foot-note  references. 

See  also  Grabau,  A.  W. 

Thoulet. 

Experiences  synthetiques .  sur  1'abrasion.  1887.  (In  Annales  des 
mines,  memoires,  V.I7O,  ser.  8,  v.n,  p. 199-224.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.  1888.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of"  Civil  Engineers,  v.gi,  p.472-474.) 

Author  sought  to  determine  experimentally,  by  means  of  a  model,  the  abrading 
action  of  sand  carried  by  the  wind.  Gives  many  test  results. 

Ziegler,  Victor. 

Factors  influencing  the  rounding  of  sand  grains.  1911.  (In  Journal 
of  geology,  v.i9,  p.645-654.) 

Technical   presentation   of  author's  explanation   of  the  rounding  of  sand  grains. 


Exploitation 

Quarrying  and  Handling  in  General 

Methods  and  Machinery 
Boehringer,  R.  A. 

Hydraulic  sand-mining  plant.      1914.      (In    Engineering  news,   v./2, 

P-3/2-374-) 

Describes  plant  of  Pennsylvania  Glass  Sand  Co.,  near  Vineyard,  Pa.      Sand  rock  is 
mined  and  crushed,  in  addition  to  the  mining  of  naturally  fine-grained  sand. 

Brigden,  W.  W. 

Quicksand   excavation   at   Battle   Creek    [Mich.].      I9M.      (In    Engi- 
neering record,  v.69,  p. 163-164.) 

Paper  before  Michigan  Engineering  Society. 

Describes  difficult  piece  of  excavation  work   in   quicksand,   in   constructing  a   pump- 
ing station  for  an   artesian-well   water-supply. 

26 


Centrifugal  dredging  pump  applied  to  production  of  sand  and  gravel. 
1915.     (In  Concrete-cement  age,  v.7,  p. 191-192.) 

Brief  reference  to  the  application  of  centrifugal   pumps  to  sand  and  gravel  mining. 

Cirkel,  Chr. 

Sandbaggerei  in  kalksandsteinfabriken.  1914.  (In  Tonindustrie- 
zeitung,  v.38,  pt.i,  p.8i  1-812.) 

Describes  construction  and  operation  of  sand-digging  apparatus. 

Dana,  Edward. 

Sand  from  tidewater  to  rail  in  Boston.  1914.  (In  Electric  railway 
journal,  v.43,  p.346-348.) 

Illustrated  description  of  method  of  obtaining  and  handling  sand  for  the  Boston 
elevated  railway.  Includes  data  on  report  cards  vised  in  same  connection. 

Dull,  Raymond  W. 

Preparation  of  rock  products.  1917.  (In  Journal  of  the  Western 
Society  of  Engineers,  v.22,  p.479~485.) 

Discussion,  p.485~49o. 

Describes  modern  methods  of  mining,  handling  and  preparing  sand  and  gravel. 

Dumping  conveyor  at  the  Brakpan  gold  mines.     1914.     (In  Scientific 
American,  v.124,  n.  s.  v.no,  p. 243.) 

Illustrated  description  of  plant  used  in  Johannesburg,  South  Africa,  gold  mines  for 
conveying  sand 

Efficient  truck   loader.      1917.      (In    Rock   products    and   building  ma- 
terials, v.i9,  April  7,  1917,  p. 28.) 

Describes  the  Jeffrey  self-propelled  loader  for  loading  sand,  crushed  stone,  gravel, 
etc.  from  the  ground  into  wagons  or  trucks.  Manufactured  by  Jeffrey  Manufacturing 
Co.,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Electricity  in  sand  and  gravel  plants.     1915.     (In  Electrical  review  and 
western  electrician,  v.67,  p. 599-602.) 

Illustrated  description  of  electrically  operated  sand  and  gravel  mining  plants  of  the 
Hugh  Nawn  Contracting  Company,  Boston,  and  of  the  Boston  Sand  and  Gravel  Com- 
pany, Scituate,  Mass,  (lives  tabulated  data  on  motors  used. 

Hauling  sand  and  gravel  with  a  motor  truck.     1912.     (In  Engineering 
record,  v.66,  p.473.) 

Brief,  description  of  system  used  by  contracting  firm  in  concrete  work. 
Hydraulic  hopper  dredge  with  unloading  machinery.     1916.     (In  Engi- 
neering news,  v.76,  p.i2ii.) 

Description  of  suction  dredge  of  Hydraulic  Sand  and  Transit  Co.,  Chicago.  Used 
for  dredging  and  transporting  sand  for  concrete  and  building  construction,  and  for  fill- 
ing. 

Hydraulic  sand  plant.     1899.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.39,  p. 166-167.) 
Sand  is  excavated  by  suction  dredge,  transported  by  water  carriage  and  automatic- 
ally loaded  on  barges. 

Le  Mesurier,  William  Henry. 

On  the  removal  of  sand  from  underneath  the  Liverpool  landing 
stage.  1887.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  v.9O,  p. 308-318.) 

Removal  of  sand  obstruction  from  the  River  Mersey  by  a  scheme  of  sluicing. 

Low,  Emile. 

Materials  for  the  concrete  of  the  Buffalo  breakwater.  1902.  (In 
Engineering  news,  v.48,  p. 182-184.) 

Illustrated  description  of  sand,  gravel  and  stone  excavating  and  handling  equipment 
used.  Also  gives  some  of  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  sand,  gravel  and  stone. 

27 


Maltby,  F.  B. 

Dredges;  their  construction  and  performance;  Hydraulic  dredging 
on  the  Mississippi  river.  1905.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.54,  pt.3,  p.391-478.) 

Discussion,  p.4jg-$2i. 

Exhaustive  description  of  dredges  used  by  Mississippi  river  commission  in  the  re- 
moval of  sand  bars.  Description  of  centrifugal  sand  pumps,  with  data  and  tables  showing 
their  performance,  p.438-462. 

Maltby,  F.  B. 

Report  on  efficiency  tests  of  hydraulic  dredges.  1903.  (In  United 
States — Engineers  corps.  Annual  report  of  chief  of  engineers  for  1903 
[Report  of  Mississippi  river  commission],  appendix  i-F,  p. 136-159.) 

Supplement  to  same.  1904.  (In  United  States — Engineers  corps.  An- 
nual report  of  chief  of  engineers  for  1904  [Report  of  Mississippi  river 
commission],  appendix  i-D,  p.98-iO2.) 

Includes  data  on  tests  of  pumps  for  sand  dredging. 

Mazoyer. 

Sur  1'extraction  mecanique  du  sable  et  des  pierres  a  casser.     1886. 
(In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  6,  v.n,  p. 363-368.) 
Describes  operation  of  apparatus. 

Moderne  sandaufbereitungsanlagen.     1908.     (In  Stahl  und  eisen,  v.28, 
pt.2,  p. 1 146-1 147,  1174-1176.) 
Illustrated  description  of  plant. 

Moving  sand  by  pumping.     1914.     (In   Engineering  news,  v.72,  p-384- 
385.) 

Sand  or  other  similar  fine-grained  material  is  moved  by  means  of  a  steam-operated 
pump  having  neither  pistons  nor  plungers.  It  is  said  to  be  capable  of  pumping  a  fluid 
mixture  containing  35  to  40  per  cent,  of  sand. 

New   portable   excavator    for   light   excavation,    and    sand    and   gravel 
handling.     1915.     (In  Concrete-cement  age,  v.6,  p.io6.) 

Brief  description. 

Notable  floating  sand  and  gravel  plant.     1915.     (In   Engineering  and 
contracting,  v.43,  p.476-477.) 

Describes  a  dredge  boat  equipped  with  a  sand  and  gravel  handling  plant. 

Plant  of  the  Atwood  Davis  Sand  Co.,  Beloit,  Wis.     1915.     (In  Excavat- 
ing engineer,  v.n,  p.4O9~4i2.) 
Illustrated  description  of  plant. 

Portable  gravel  digging  and  screening  plant.     1912.     (In  Engineering 
and  contracting,  v.3/,  p. 600.) 

Used  by  Superior  Sand  &  Gravel  Co.,  of  Utica,  Mich.,  for  loading  gondola  cars 
directly  from  the  bank.  Manufactured  by  Shoemaker  &  Casparis,  Newcomerstown,  Ohio. 

Prelini,  Charles. 

Dredges  and  dredging.     279  p.     1911.     Van  Nostrand. 

Book  dealing  with  equipment  and  methods  of  dredging  for  all  purposes.  Chapter 
26  deals  largely  with  sand  dredging. 

Producing  sand  and  gravel  in  South  Dakota.     1915.     (In  Rock  products 
and  building  materials,  v.i7,  Dec.  22,  1915,  p.33.) 

Illustrated  description  of  excavating  and  screening  plant  at  Watertown,  S.  1).  Ex- 
cerpts from  reports  as  to  the  value  of  the  deposit  are  also  given. 

28 


Reeder,  E.  C. 

Sand-handling  plant  for  variable-tide  levels.  1914.  (In  Engineer- 
ing record,  v.7o,  p.3Oi.) 

Describes  plant  of  Mississippi  Sand  Company,  Alton,  111. 

A  sand  blast  and  steel  molding  sand  plant.     1915.     (In  Foundry,  v.43, 
P-36-37,  4L) 

Illustrated  account  of  how  the  Portage  Silica  Company,  Youngstown,  Ohio,  prepares 
sand  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  foundry  trade. 

65-ft.  wheel  for  raising  stamp  sand.     1901.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.46, 
P-396-397-) 

Illustrated  description  of  large  wheel  for  elevating  waste  sand  from  the  stamp  mills 
of  the  Calumet  &  Hecla  Mining  Co.,  Lake  Linden,  Mich. 

Smith,  A.  E. 

Pumping  and  loading  sand.  1915.  (In  Electrical  world,  v.66,  pt.i, 
p.467-468.) 

Describes  electrically  driven  equipment  for  pumping  sand  from  Arkansas  river. 
Compares  cost  of  operating  by  steam  and  by  electricity. 

Very  successful  redesign  of  plant.     1916.     (In  Rock  products  and  build- 
ing materials,  v.i8,  June  22,  1916,  p.48.) 

Account  of  new  arrangement  of  sand  and  gravel  plant  of  the  Atwood-Davis  Sand 
Co.,  Beloit,  Wis.  Change  was  necessary  owing  to  the  exhaustion  of  the  deposit  of 
sand  and  gravel  on  one  side  of  a  railway  track,  necessitating  tunneling  to  the  other  side. 

Wilms,  W.  H. 

Development  of  sand  and  gravel  deposits.  1914.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.72,  p.9o8-9ii.) 

Preliminary  steps  in  developing  sand  and  gravel  deposits  are  discussed  in  detail,  in- 
cluding type  of  steam-shovel,  essential  points  in  stripping  overburden  by  hydraulicking, 
the  lay-out,  grades  and  construction  features. 


Costs 
Borhek,  R.  J. 

Cost  of  hydraulic  sand  and  gravel  mining.     1915.     (In  Engineering 
and  contracting,  v_43,  p-573-574.) 

Gives  cost  figures,  which  are  influenced  considerably  by  the  character  of  the  deposit. 

By  the  ton  basis.     1916.     (In   Rock  products  and  building  materials, 
v.i7,  April  7,  1916,  p-3O-3i.) 

Excerpts  from  letters  from  many  dealers  in  sand  in  regard  to  their  opinions  as  to 
whether  sand  should  be  bought  and  sold  by  weight  or  by  volume. 

Neal,  B.  E. 

Costs  of  producing  wash  sand  and  gravel.    1917.    (In  Rock  products 
and  building  materials,  v.ip,  Feb.  7,  1917,  P-47.) 

Author  gives  his  opinion  as  to  costs  of  the  various  processes  entailed  in  producing 
sand  and  gravel  for  the  market. 


Washing,  Screening,  Storing  and  Similar  Treatment 

See  also  Methods  and  Machinery 

Compact  sand  and  gravel  washing  plant.     1913.     (In  Engineering  news, 
v.69,  p.5i4-5i5.) 

Detailed  description  of  a  plant  on  the  Hudson  river,  near  Peekskill,  N.   Y. 

29 


Continuous  washer  cleans  250  yards  of  sand  a  day.     1915.      (In   Engi- 
neering record,  ¥.72,  p.6n.) 

Describes  apparatus  of  the  Bridgeport  Hydraulic  Company.  Water  enters  at  bot- 
tom of  washer,  thereby  aiding  the  cleansing  action  by  agitating  the  sand. 

Crain,  G.  D.  jr. 

Design  and  construction  features  of  a  sand  and  gravel  storage  plant. 
1916.  (In  Concrete,  v.8,  p.2io-22i.) 

Illustrated  description  of  plant  of  Ohio  River  Sand  Co.,   Louisville,  Ky. 

Dull,  Raymond  W. 

Sand  and  gravel  washing  plants.     1913.     (In  Concrete-cement  age, 

V.2,   p.129-131.) 

The  same,  condensed.  1913.  (In  Railway  and  engineering  review,  v.53, 
p. 202-203.) 

Describes  and  illustrates  apparatus  for  handling  and  cleaning  sand  and  gravel. 

Harle. 

Lavage  du  sable.     1886.      (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  me- 
moires,  ser.  6,  v.n,  p. 645-649.) 
Describes  operation  of  apparatus. 

Improved  sand-washer.     1912.     (In  Engineer  [London],  v.ii3,  p.  180.) 

Illustrates  and  describes  an  apparatus  for  cleaning  filter-bed  sand. 

Large  capacity  sand  and  gravel  washing  plant.     1915.       (In  Engineer- 
ing and  contracting,  v.43,  p.526.) 

Describes  plant  of  Akron  Gravel  and  Sand  Co.,   Akron,  Ohio. 

Low  cost  device  for  washing  sand.     1916.     (In  Brick  and  clay  record, 
v.48.  p.845-846.) 

Brief  illustrated  description  of  simple  device. 

New  improved  material  washer.     1914.     (In  Concrete-cement  age,  v.5, 
p. 226-227.) 

Description  of  operation  of  apparatus  for  washing  sand,  gravel,  or  crushed  rock, 
and  separating  it  into  three  sizes.  Manufactured  by  Stocker  Concrete  Material  Washer 
Co.,  Highland,  111. 

Osier,  Claude  A. 

Municipal    sand   and   gravel    washing   plant.      1914.      (In    Municipal 

journal,  v.36,  p.i3i-i33-) 

Illustrated  description  of  plant  owned  and  operated  by  the  city  of  Seattle,  Wash. 
"Eight  hundred  cubic  yards  of  gravel  can  be  removed  by  hydraulic  jets,  screened  and 
washed  in  eight  hours." 

Portable  sand  and  gravel  washer  for  concrete  construction  and  road 
work.     1914.     (In  Concrete-cement  age,  v.5,  p. 134-135.) 

The  same.     1914.      (In   Engineering  and  contracting,  v.42,  p. 70-71.) 

Illustrated  description  of  apparatus  and  its  operation.  Manufactured  by  American 
Concentrator  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio. 

Portable  sand  and  gravel  washer  for  contractor's  use.     1914.     (In  Engi- 
neering and  contracting,  v.4i,  p.7O9.) 

Illustrated  description  of  apparatus  and  its  operation.  Manufactured  by  the  Ray- 
mond W.  Dull  Co.,  Chicago. 

Portable  screening  plants  for  sand  and  gravel.      1914.      (In   Concrete- 
cement  age,  v.5,  p. 263-264.) 

Illustrated  description. 

30 


Roper,  W.  H. 

New  sand  washing  machine.  1899.  dn  Engineering  news,  v.4i, 
p.m.) 

Describes  apparatus  devised  by  contractors  using  river  and  bank  sands  in  the  Pitts- 
burgh district.  Water  was  forced  up  from  below,  to  cause  impurities  to  overflow  at  the 
top. 

Simple  sand  and   gravel   washing   device.      1917.      (In    Brick   and   clay 
record,  v.5i,  p.i37~i38.) 

Brief  illustrated  description. 

Stephenson,  F.  H; 

Simple  sand  washer.     1904.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.52,  p. 28-29.) 

Description  and  design  of  apparatus  for  washing  out  the  excess  of  fine  material 
from  sand  for  filter-beds. 

Washer  for  concrete  aggregates.     1909.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.59, 
p.8o5.) 

Description  of  plant. 

Welch,  Frank  M. 

Importance  of  location  to  the  success  of  sand  and  gravel  washing 
plants.  1916.  (In  Rock  products  and  building  materials,  v.i8,  Sept.  22, 
1916,  p-40.) 

States  that  the  location  should  be  determined  by  quality  of  material,  market  con- 
ditions and  shipping  facilities. 

Welch,  Frank  M. 

Problems  and  progress  in  sand  and  gravel  washing.  1916.  (In 
Rock  products  and  building  materials,  v.i7,  Jan.  7,  1916,  p.33~35.) 

Gives  outline  of  prevailing  practice  in  regard  to  screening  and  washing  of  sand  and 
gravel. 

Wilms,  W.  H. 

Operation  of  sand  and  gravel  plants.  1914.  (In  Engineering  news, 
v.72,  p.962-966.) 

Discusses  necessary  equipment  for  screening,  washing  and  crushing  plant;  method 
of  operation,  and  necessary  facilities  for  a  successful  plant. 

Wilms,  W.  H. 

Operation  of  sand  and  gravel  plants.  1914.  (In  Engineering  news, 
v./2,  p.  1008-1012.) 

Describes  crushing,  storage  and  power  equipment  in   sand  and  gravel  plants. 

Statistics  of  Production,  Imports,  Exports,  Uses,  Etc. 

See  also  Occurrence  and  Properties,  Economic  Geology 

Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

Glass  sand,  other  sand,  and  gravel.  1911.  (In  United  States — Geo- 
logical survey.  Mineral  resources,  calendar  year  1909,  pt.2,  p.519-542.) 

"Bibliography,"  p.54i-542. 

Statistics  of  production  and  imports;  several  tables  of  analyses  of  various  sands: 
material  on  washing  of  sand  and  gravel  for  concrete  and  mortar. 

Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

Glass  sand,  other  sand,  and  gravel.  1912.  (In  United  States — Geo- 
logical survey.  Mineral  resources,  calendar  year  1911,  pt.2,  p. 585-638.) 

"Publications,"  1^.637-638. 

Treats  of  production,  requirements  for  glass-making,  methods  of  preparation,  de- 
scription of  deposits  and  analyses. 

Similar  material  may  be  found  in   reports   for  previous  years. 

31 


.    Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

Glass  sand,  sand,  and  gravel.  1907.  (In  United  States — Geological 
survey.  Mineral  resources,  calendar  year  1906,  £.993-1000.) 

Glass  sand;  developments,  character,  prices,  and  "literature."  Molding  sand;  use 
and  character,  composition,  "literature." 

Statistics  and  tables,  on  production  and  imports  of  sand  and  gravel. 

Coons,  A.  T. 

Glass  sand.  1904.  (In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Mineral 
resources,  calendar  year  1902,  p. 1007-1016.) 

Statistics  on  production,  occurrence,  requirements,  and  analyses  of  glass  sands. 

Glass  [and  molding]  sand.     1913.     (In  Mineral  industry,  calendar  year 
1912,  v.2i,  p.322-327.) 

Bibliography  on  sands,  p. 327. 

Statistics  on  glass  industry  in  general,  and  on  glass  sand,  with  a  little  on  molding 
sand. 

Similar  statistics  in  previous  volumes. 

Katz,  Frank  J. 

Silica  (quartz).  1916.  (In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Min- 
eral resources,  calendar  year  1914,  pt.2,  £.443-448.) 

Statistics  on  production  of  quartz,  flint,  sand  and  sandstone,  tripoli  and  diatoma- 
ceous  earth. 

Similar  statistics  in  volumes  for  previous-  years. 

Kiimmel,  Henry  B. 

Glass  sand.  1914.  (In  Mineral  industry,  calendar  year  1913,  v.22, 
p.  666-672.) 

Bibliography  of  silica,  p. 674-675,  contains  several  references  to  sands. 
Distribution,   composition   and   general   statistics   on   glass   sands   from   the   more   im- 
portant producing  states. 

Loughlin,  G.  F. 

Sand  and  gravel.  1916.  (In  United  States — Geological  survey. 
Mineral  resources,  calendar  year  1914,  pt.2,  p.27i-283.) 

Statistics  on  production  and  importation  of  gravel,  and  of  sands  for  building,  mold- 
ing, glass-making,  grinding,  paving,  and  refractory  uses. 
Similar  statistics  in  volumes  for  previous  years. 

McLeish,  John. 

Sands  and  gravels.  1909.  (In  Canada — Mines  branch.  (Depart- 
ment of  mines.)  Annual  report  on  the  mineral  production  of  Canada 
for  calendar  years  1907  and  1908,  p. 278.) 

Statistics  on  annual  imports  and  exports  of  sand  and  gravel  in  Canada,  1893  to 
1900  inclusive. 

Production  of  glass  sand  in  1902.     1904.     (In  Scientific  American  sup- 
plement, v.57,  p. 23583-23584.) 

Statistics  of  output. 

Stone,  Ralph  W. 

Sand  and  gravel.    1913.    (In  United  States — Geological  survey.    Min- 
eral resources,  calendar  year  1912,  pt.2,  p. 621-636.) 
"Publications"  on  sand,  p. 634-636. 
Statistics  on  production,  imports,  uses  and  definitions  of  sand  and  of  molding  sand. 

Stone,  Ralph  W. 

Sand  and  gravel.  1914.  (In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Min- 
eral resources,  calendar  year  1913,  pt.2,  p. 325-337.) 

Statistics  on  production,  imports,  sand  for  steel  molding,  and  sand  and  gravel  for 
filtration  plants. 

32 


Sand  for  Concrete,  Mortar  and  other  Structural  Purposes 

Properties  and  Specifications 
Aiken,  W.  A. 

A  sand  specification  and  its  specific  application.  1910.  (In  Pro- 
ceedings of  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.io,  p. 341-348.) 

Discussion,  15.349-350. 

Submits  new  specification  for  sand  for  concrete,  and  gives  tables  showing  results 
of  various  sands  tested  according  to  it. 

American  Railway  Engineering  and  Maintenance  of  Way  Association. 

Report  of  Committe  no.VIII:  On  Masonry.  1904.  (In  its  Pro- 
ceedings, v.5,  p. 601-666.) 

Includes,  p.6o7,  609,  610,  data  on  sand  requirements  in  connection  with  specifica- 
tions for  natural  and  Portland  cement  and  concrete. 

Baker,  Ira  O. 

Sand  for  mortar.     1899.     (In  Brickbuilder,  v.8,  p. 116-117.) 
Emphasizes  the  importance  of  the  quality  of  sand  used  in  making  mortar.      Test  re- 
sults are  given  to  show  the  effect  of  fineness,  voids,  weight,  etc. 

Baker,  Ira  Osborn. 

Treatise  on  masonry  construction.     Ed.io.     745  p.     1909.     Wiley. 

Contains  data  on  properties  and  uses  of  sand  in  connection  with  masonry  construc- 
tion. 

Boardman,  H.  P. 

Concrete  materials  and  proportions.     1902.     (In  Engineering  news, 

v.47,  p.32-33-) 

Letter  to  editor  giving  opinions  in  regard  to  specifications  for  proportions  in  con- 
crete work.  Includes  test  data  on  variations  between  volume  and  weight  of  sand  under 
various  conditions. 

Brown,  Charles  Carroll,  cd. 

Hand-book  for  cement  users.  Ed. 2,  rev.  &  enl.  378  p.  1902.  Mu- 
nicipal Engineering  Co. 

Contains  considerable  material  on  sands  used  for  mortar  and  for  concrete. 

Byrne,  Austin  T. 

Inspection  of  the  materials  and  workmanship  employed  in  construc- 
tion. 539  p.  1902.  Wiley. 

Contains  data  on  properties  and  uses  of  sand,  especially  in  relation  to  the  inspection 
of  building  materials. 

Cement  and  sand  for  concrete.     1909.     (In  Journal  of  the  Association 
of  Engineering  Societies,  v.43,  p.i85-2i3.) 

Discussion,  v.44,  p. 94. 

The  same,  abstract.     1910.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.6i,  p.125-126.) 

Informal  discussion  before  Boston  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  by  several  partici- 
pants, on  the  requirements  of  sand  and  cement. 

Chapman,  Cloyd  M. 

New  form  of  specifications  for  concrete  aggregates.  1916.  (In 
Proceedings  of  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.i6,  pt.2, 
1x180-187.) 

Discussion,  p.  188-193. 

Proposes  that  concrete  aggregates,  particularly  sand,  shall  be  purchased  under  a 
new  scheme  of  specifications,  whereby  they  must  be  of  such  quality  that  they  will  pro- 
duce a  concrete  of  a  certain  minimum  strength. 

33 


Cochran,  Jerome. 

Directions  and  suggestions  for  the  inspection  of  concrete  materials. 
1912.  (In  Engineering  and  contracting,  v.37,  p.ii5-n8.) 

Contains  information  relating  to  the  selection  of  sand  for  use  in  concrete.  Covers 
size  and  shape  of  grain,  color,  sea  sand,  foreign  matter,  stone  screenings,  testing,  etc. 

Cochran,  Jerome. 

General  specifications  for  concrete  and  reinforced  concrete,  includ- 
ing finishing  and  waterproofing.  274  p.  1913.  Van  Nostrand. 

"Bibliography  of  specifications  for  sand,  broken  stone  and  gravel,"  p. 24-25. 

Considerable  attention  to  properties  and  uses  of  sand  in  connection  with  concrete 
work. 

Cochran,  Jerome. 

Treatise  on  the  inspection  of  concrete  construction.  595  p.  1913. 
Clark. 

Contains  data  on  properties  and  uses  of  sand  in  connection  with  the  inspection  of 
concrete  work. 

Colby,  Albert  Ladd. 

Reinforced  concrete  in  Europe.     260  p.     1909.     Chemical   Pub.   Co. 

Contains  data  on  specifications  for  sand  for  concrete. 

Dancaster,  Ernest  A. 

Limes  &  cements;  their  nature,  manufacture  and  use.  212  p.  1915. 
Appleton. 

Contains  considerable  material  on  sands  used  fov  mortar  and  for  concrete. 

Emley,  Warren  E.  &  Young,  S.  E. 

Strength  of  lime  mortar.  1914.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  American 
Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.i4,  pt.2,  p. 338-358.) 

Includes  data  on  the  influence  of  the  kind  and  amount  of  sand  on  the  physical 
properties  of  lime  mortar  made  from  that  sand. 

Eno,  Frank  Harvey. 

Uses  of  hydraulic  cements.  1904.  (In  Ohio — Geological  survey. 
(4th  survey.)  Bulletin  no. 2.) 

Effect  of  different  kinds  of  sands  upon  the  strength  of  mortar,  p. 27-30. 
Specifications  for  sand  used  in  mortar,  p.  190. 

Frye,  Albert  I. 

Civil  engineers'  pocket-book.     1913.     Van  Nostrand. 
Contains  considerable  amount  of  information  on  the  general  properties  of  sand. 

Fuller,  William  B.  &  Thompson,  S.  E. 

Laws  of  proportioning  concrete.  1907.  (In  Transactions  of  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.59,  p. 67-143.) 

Discussion,  51.144-172. 

Much  attention  to  analysis,  use  and  properties  of  sands  for  concrete. 

Gillette,  Halbert  P.  &  Hill,  C.  S. 

Concrete  construction;  methods  and  cost.     690  p.     1908.     Clark. 

Contains  considerable  information  on  properties,  uses  and  costs  of  sand  for  various 
construction  purposes. 

Gillmore,  Q.  A. 

Practical  treatise  on  limes,  hydraulic  cements,  and  mortars.  Ed.ib. 
334  p.  1890.  Van  Nostrand. 

Presents  data  on  sand  in   relation  to  its  use  in  mortar  and  concrete. 

34 


Jameson,  Charles  D. 

Portland  cement;  its  manufacture  and  use.  192  p.  1898.  Van  Nos- 
trand. 

Sand  for  concrete  considered  briefly. 

Kidder,  Frank  Eugene. 

Architect's  and  builder's  pocket-book.  Ed. 16,  rewritten.  i8i6p.  1916. 
Wiley. 

Contains  considerable  material  on  properties  and  uses  of  sand  in  building  construc- 
tion. 

McCullough,  F.  M. 

Local  sands  and  gravels  as  aggregates  in  concrete.  1915.  (In  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  v.3O, 
P-334-367-) 

Discussion,  p.368-379. 

Concerned  mainly  with  behavior  of  sand  and  gravel  in  concrete,  but  discusses 
briefly  the  mechanical  and  physical  properties  of  sands  and  gravels  of  the  Pittsburgh 
region. 

McCullough,  F.  M. 

Relative  strengths  of  mortar  and  of  concrete  containing  Ohio  and 
Allegheny  river  sands  and  gravels  and  relation  between  proportions 
of  aggregates  and  the  strength  of  concrete.  1915.  (In  Engineering 
and  contracting,  v.44,  p.194-196.) 

Abstract  of  a  portion  of  author's  paper  on  "Local  sands  and  gravels  as  aggregates 
in  concrete." 

Macey,  Frank  W. 

Specifications  in  detail.  Ed. 2,  rev.  &  enl.  620  p.  1904.  Crosby 
Lockwood. 

Contains  data  on  specifications  for  sand  for  various  uses  in  building  construction. 

McNeilly.  Robert  H. 

Sand  for  concrete  and  cement  mortar  should  have  "jump"  in  grad- 
ing. 1915.  (In  Engineering  record,  v.72,  p.659-662.) 

New  view,  based  on  theoretical  grounds  and  verified  by  tests,  runs  counter  to 
theory  that  particles  should  be  uniformly  graded. 

Marsh,  Charles  F.  &  Dunn,  William. 

Reinforced  concrete.     Ed. 3,  rev.  &  enl.    654  p.     1906.    Van  Nostrand. 

Contains  data  on  properties  and  uses  of  sand  for  concrete  work. 

Moyer,  Albert. 

Economical  selection  and  proportion  of  aggregates  for  Portland 
cement  concrete.  1910.  (In  Engineering-contracting,  v.33,  p. 52-55-) 

Includes  material  on  the  selection  and  use  of  sand. 

Okey,  Frank  M. 

Good  concrete  and  how  to  get  it.  1909.  (In  Municipal  engineer- 
ing, v.36,  p.293-296.) 

Concerned  with  the  quality  of  the  constituents  of  concretes.  Enumerates  the  es- 
sential qualities  of  a  good  sand  for  concrete. 

Owens,  John  S. 

Concrete  aggregates.  1909.  (In  Concrete  and  constructional  engi- 
neering, v.4,  p. 40-46.) 

Considers  general  properties,  impurities,  voids,  proportions,  moisture,  and  selection 
of  aggregates,  including  sand. 

35 


Patton,  W.  M. 

Treatise  on  civil  engineering.     Ed. 2,  rev.     1654  p.     1907.     Wiley. 
Contains  data  on  properties  and  uses  of  sand  for  concrete  work. 

Plain  account  of  the  characteristics  required  of  cement,  sand  and  stone 
for  concrete.     1909.     (In  Engineering-contracting,  v.32,  p. 465-467.) 

Non-technical  treatment,  intended  for  the  small  concrete  worker,  the  contractor's 
foreman  and  others  for  whom  the  usual  concrete  literature  is  not  sufficiently  elementary. 

Quality  of  sand  required  for  cement  mortar.     1904.     (In  Engineering 
and  mining  journal,  v.77,  p. 968-969.) 

The  same,  abstract.  1905.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  v.159,  p-454-455.) 

Seeks  to  prove  that  too  much  importance  is  attached  to  the  presence  of  "dirt"  in  sand 
to  be  used  with  cement. 

Redgrave,  Gilbert  R.  &  Spackman,  Charles. 

Calcareous  cements;  their  nature,  manufacture  and  uses,  with  some 
observations  on  cement  testing.  Ed. 2.  310  p.  1905.  Griffin. 

Contains  considerable  material  en  sands  for  use  in  mortar  and  concrete. 

Richey,  H.  G. 

Building  foreman's  pocket  book  and  ready  reference.  iiiSp.  1909. 
Wiley. 

Considerable  attention  to  sand  in  its  relation  to  building  construction. 

Sabin,  Louis  Carlton. 

Cement  and  concrete.     507  p.     1905.     McGraw. 

Considerable  attention  to  properties  and  uses  of  sand  in  connection  with  concrete 
work.  Chapter  n,  p.  154-171,  on  "Sand  for  mortar." 

Sand  specifications.     1914.     (In  Canadian  engineer,  v.27,  p.246.) 

Specifications  for  mortar-making  sands     Extract  from  Bulletin  no.  70,  University  of 
Illinois  Experiment  Station. 
See  also  Wiley,  C.  C. 

Searle,  Alfred  B. 

Cement,  concrete  and  bricks.    412  p.     1913.     Constable. 

Contains  considerable  material  on  sand. 

Sherman,  C.  E. 

Effect  of  clay  and  loam  on  cement  mortar.  1903.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.50,  p.443~444.) 

Contains  data  applicable  to  the  problem  of  the  effect  of  impurities  in  sand  on  the 
quality  of  mortar  made  from  such  sand. 

Spalding,  Frederick  P. 

Hydraulic  cement;  its  properties,  testing  and  use.  Ed. 2.  300  p. 
1906.  Wiley. 

Contains  information  on  quality  of  sand  for  use  in  mortar. 

Specifications  for  sand  and  stone  for  concrete.  1909.     (In  Engineering 
record,  v.59,  p-587.) 

Abstract  of  paper  by  William  Challoner  before  the  Association  of  Municipal  and 
County  Engineers,  in  London. 

Shows  how  rigid  are  the  specifications  as  to  voids  in  sand  and  stone  for  concrete 
work  in  Belgium  and  Germany. 

Taylor,  Frederick  W.  &  Thompson,  S.  E. 
Concrete  costs.    709  p.     1912.    Wiley. 

Considerable  attention  to  properties,  uses  and  costs  of  sand  for  various  construction 
purposes. 

36 


Taylor,  Frederick  W.  &  Thompson,  S.  E. 

Treatise  on  concrete,  plain  and  reinforced.    Ed. 3.  885  p.  .1916.   Wiley. 

Includes  much  information  on  chemical  and  physical  properties  of  sand,  especially 
in  relation  to  concrete.  Brief  bibliography  on  "Sand  and  stone— their  physical  character- 
istics," p.84i. 

Thompson,  Sanford  E. 

Concrete  aggregates.  1906.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  National  As- 
sociation of  Cement  Users,  v.2,  p. 27-37.) 

Discussion,  p.38-45. 

The  same,  condensed.     1906.     (In  Engineering  record,  ¥.53,  p. 108-110.) 

Includes  information  on  sand  for  concrete,  as  regards  its  selection,  quality,  tests, 
etc. 

Thompson,  Sanford  E. 

Sand  for  mortar  and  concrete.  I9o6(?)  (In  Association  of  Port- 
land Cement  Manufacturers.  Bulletin  no.3,  p. 1-14.) 

Considers   the   necessary  qualifications   of  a   good   sand,   and   outlines   test  methods. 

What  percentage  of  clay  is  it  safe  to  permit  in  sand  for  cement  mortar? 
1907.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.57,  p.62O.) 

Collection  of  letters  between  E.  S.  Larned  and  L.  L.  Bingham,  Clifford  Richardson, 
Sanford  E.  Thompson,  W.  Purves  Taylor  and  H.  L.  Sherman,  giving  their  views  on  the 
question  of  the  harm  done  by  clay  in  concrete  sand. 

Wig,  R.  J.  and  others. 

Strength  and  other  properties  of  concretes  as  affected  by  materials 
and  methods  of  preparation.  172  p.  1916.  (In  United  States — Stand- 
ards, Bureau  of.  Technologic  paper  no.58.) 

Includes  some  data  on  the  effect  of  sand  on  the  properties  of  concrete. 

Wiley,  C.  C. 

Mortar-making  qualities  of  Illinois  sands.  1913.  (In  Illinois  Uni- 
versity— Experiment  station.  Bulletin  no.7o,  p.i-38.) 

Contents:  Description  of  tests. — Description  of  sands. — Discussion  of  tests. — Speci- 
fications for  sand. 

The  same,   abstract.      1914.      (In    Engineering   and    contracting,   v.4f, 

p.6o3-6o7.) 

The  same,  abstract.     1914.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.69,  p.4o6,  418.) 
The  same,  abstract.     1914.     (In  Municipal  journal,  v.36,  p. 429-432,  472- 

474-) 

Tests 

Sec  also  Properties  and  Specifications 

Alexandre,  Paul. 

Recherches  experimentales  sur  les  mortiers  hydrauliques.  1890. 
(In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  6,  v.2O,  p.277~428.) 

Includes  considerable  material  on  sand  in  its  relation  to  the  physical  properties  of 
mortar. 

American  Railway  Engineering  and  Maintenance  of  Way  Association. 

Report  of  Committee  no.  VIII:  On  Masonry.  1905.  (In  its  Pro- 
ceedings, v.6,  p.097-729.) 

Includes  specifications   recommended   for  standard   sand   for   use   in   cement  testing, 

P-7J4- 

37 


American  Society  for  Testing  Materials. 

Proposed  provisional  method  for  making  a  mechanical  analysis  of 
mixtures  of  sand  or  other  fine  material  with  broken  stone  or  broken 
slag.  1914.  (In  its  Proceedings,  v.14,  pt.i,  p. 382.) 

Gives  a  method  provisionally  proposed  by  the  society. 

American  Society  for  Testing  Materials. 

Report  of  Committee  C-9  on  concrete  and  concrete  aggregates. 
1916.  (In  its  Proceedings,  v.i6,  pt.i,  p. 264-267.) 

Includes  data  on  sand,  especially  with  regard  to  impurities  in  sand,  and  their  meas- 
urement, and  methods  of  testing  for  voids,  weights,  density,  specific  gravity,  etc.  Simi- 
lar data  may  be  found  in  volumes  for  previous  years. 

American  Society  for  Testing  Materials. 

Standard  method  for  making  a  mechanical  analysis  of  sand  or  other 
fine  highway  material,  except  for  fine  aggregates  used  in  cement  con- 
crete. 1916.  (In  A.  S.  T.  M.  standards  of  the  American  Society  for 
Testing  Materials,  1916  issue,  p. 535-536.) 

American  Society  for  Testing  Materials. 

Standard  specifications  for  cement.  1915.  (In  its  Year-book  for 
1915,  P-350-377.) 

The  same.  1912.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  v.75,  p. 682.) 

"Standard  sand"  for  use  in  cement  tests,  defined,  p-36i. 

Similar  data  will  be  found  in  previous  year-books  of  the  same  society. 

American  Society  for  Testing  Materials. 

Suggested  colorimetric  tests  for  organic  impurities  in  sand.  1917. 
(In  its  Proceedings,  v.i/,  pt.i,  p-327~333-) 

The  same,  abstract.  1917.  (In  Engineering  and  contracting,  v.47, 
P-273-) 

Being  Appendix  II  of  Report  of  Committee  C-g  on  Concrete  and  concrete  aggre- 
gates. 

A  sample  of  the  sand  is  digested  at  ordinary  temperature  in  a  solution  of  sodium 
hydroxide.  The  filtered  solution  resulting  from  this  treatment  will  vary  in  depth  of 
color  according  to  the  degree  of  impurity  of  the  sand. 

Association  of  American  Portland  Cement  Manufacturers. 

Results  of  tests  made  in  the  collective  Portland  cement  exhibit  and 
model  testing  laboratory  of  the  Association  of  American  Portland  Ce- 
ment Manufacturers,  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904 
(Richard  L.  Humphrey  in  charge].  36  p.  1904. 

The  same,  condensed.     1905.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.54,  p.3OO-3O5.) 

Sec  also  editorial,  p-3O9. 

Presents  test  data  on  concrete  made  from  various  cements  and  sands.  Gives  specific 
gravity,  percentage  of  voids  and  granulometric  composition  of  several  sands,  and  tensile 
and  compressive  strength  of  mortars  made  from  them. 

Black,  A. 

Comparative  tests  of  cement  mortar,  showing  the  relative  effects 
of  three  different  sands.  1906.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.$6,  p. 236.) 

Presents  test  data  in  the  form  of  charts  and  tables.  The  three  sands  used  were 
crushed  gneiss  rock  screened  through  half-inch  mesh,  Cow  Bay  sand  from  New  York 
city  district,  and  fine,  clean  silicious  sand.  Giant  and  Atlas  cements  were  vised. 

38 


Brown,  L.  R. 

Seven-day  sand  tests  no  criterion  for  six-month  test.  1917.  (In 
Engineering  news-record,  v./8,  p.5O4~5O5.) 

Record  of  tests  which  seemed  to  indicate  that  a  concrete  sand  that  appears  un- 
acceptable by  virtue  of  results  shown  with  different  brands  of  cement  in  short-time  tests 
may  make  an  acceptable  showing  in  a  six-month  test. 

Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

Field  investigations  of  structural  materials.  1910.  (In  United  States 
— Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no.43O:  Contributions  to  economic  ge- 
ology, 1909,  p.275-279.) 

Short  outline  of  methods  used  in  investigations  conducted  by  United  States  govern- 
ment laboratories  in  St.  Louis.  Investigations  included  sand  for  concrete  and  for 
mortar,  but  no  specific  information  is  given  for  any  material  investigated. 

Campbell,  J.  L. 

More  concerning  specifications  for  sand.  1905.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.53,  p.286.) 

Letter  to  editor  commenting  on  latter's  editorial,  "Concerning  specifications  for 
sand."  Also  presents  answer. 

Chapman,  Cloyd  M. 

Importance  of  testing  sands.  1912.  (In  Engineering  record,  v.66, 
p.40i-402.) 

Author  recommends  more  care  in  the  testing  of  sand  for  mortar  or  concrete,  and 
presents  his  views  as  to  which  properties  of  a  sand  should  be  investigated  and  how. 

Chapman,  Cloyd  M. 

Results  of  experiments  upon  effect  of  sea  water  on  the  tensile 
strength  of  various  mixtures  of  cement  and  sand.  1910.  (In  Proceed- 
ings of  National  Association  of  Cement  Users,  v.6,  p. 172-174.) 

Discussion,  p.  175— 179. 

The  same,  abstract.     1910.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.63,  p. 291.) 

Brief  description  of  tests,  together  with  graphs  showing  test  results.  . . 

Chapman,  Cloyd  M. 

Testing  of  sand  for  use  in  concrete:  I,  field  and  laboratory  practice; 
II,  computing  and  using  results.  1914.  (In  Engineering  news,  v./i, 
p.3o6-3io,  554-558.) 

Illustrated  article  giving  extensive  outline  of  test  procedure.     Covers  sampling,  test- 
ing of  samples,  methods  of  computation  of  test  results,  and  interpretation  of  data. 
Sec  also  Montgomery,  Charles  M.  "Testing  of  sand  for  concrete." 

Chapman,  Cloyd  M. 

Testing  sand  for  use  in  concrete  and  cement  mortar.  1912.  (In 
Engineering  record,  v.65,  p.465~466.) 

Outlines  test  procedure. 

Chapman,  Cloyd  M. 

Use  of  the  universal  sand  tester.  1916.  (In  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Concrete  Institute,  v.12,  p.48i-49O.) 

Emphasizes  the  necessity  for  testing  concrete  sands  for  grain  size,  and  gives  de- 
scription of  the  use  of  a  special  testing  device. 

39 


Chapman,  Cloyd  M.  &  Johnson,  N.  C. 

Economic  side  of  sand  testing.  1915.  (In  Engineering  record,  v.7i, 
P-734-737-) 

Letter  containing  correction  to  above,  p. 8 13. 

The  same.     1915.     (In  Sibley  journal  of  engineering,  v.3O,  p. 65-70.) 

Emphasizes  the  importance  and   the  practical   nature   of  the  testing  of   sand  that   is 

to  be  used  in  concrete.     Outlines  methods  and  cites  examples,  showing  saving  effected. 

Chapman,  Cloyd  M.  &  Johnson,  N.  C. 

Quality  of  concrete  controlled  by  tests  of  sand.  1915.  (In  Engi- 
neering record,  v.7i,  p.8oi-8o4.) 

The  same.     1916.     (In  Sibley  journal  of  engineering,  ¥.30,  p. 142-148.) 

Discusses  existing  methods  for  testing  sand  for  use  in  concrete.  Proposes  check 
on  materials  by  means  of  portable  device  which  simplifies  the  usual  analysis  routine  and 
gives  direct  graphical  records. 

Chapman,  Cloyd  M.  &  Johnson,  N.  C. 

Safe  concrete  demands  knowledge  of  nature  of  sands.      1915.      (In 

Engineering  record,  ¥.71,  p. 771-774.) 

The  same.     1915.     (In  Sibley  journal  of  engineering,  ¥.30,  p. 105-111.) 
Discusses  origin  and  structure  of  the  sand  grain,  and  the  value  of  tests  for  detecting 

impurities  which  might  impair  the  strength  of  the  finished  concrete. 

Clarke,  Eliot  C. 

Record  of  tests  of  cement  made  for  Boston  main  drainage  works, 
1878-84.  1885.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, v.14,  p.i4i-i7o.) 

Includes  data  on  the  effect  of  "dirty"  sand  on  cement  mortar  made  from  such  sand. 

Coe,  Edward  K. 

Effect  of  clay  in  sand  on  lean  mortar  mixtures.  1905.  (In  Engi- 
neering news,  v.53,  p.2o6.) 

Letter  to  editor  commenting  on  paper  by  J.  C.  Haiti  in  regard  to  tests  of  the  effect 
of  unclean  sand  on  mortar. 

Concerning  specifications  for  sand.     1905.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.53, 
p.  1 25-1 26:) 

Editorial  pertaining  to  the  importance  of  definite  sand  specifications  and  comment 
ing  on  test  results  of  J.  C.  Hain. 
See  also  Campbell,  J.  L. 

Conway,  George  Robert  Graham. 

Water-works  and  sewage  of  Monterrey,  N.  L.,  Mexico.  1911.  (In 
Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.72,  p. 475- 
556.) 

Discussion,  p. 557-585. 

Gives  (p. 492-493)  a  table  of  analyses  of  concrete  sand  available  in  this  district, 
and  a  table  showing  test  results  of  cement  made  with  these  sands. 

Defective  sands  for  concrete  aggregate.     1912.     (In  Engineering  news, 
v.67,  p. 1045-1046.) 

Editorial  comment  on  the  necessity  for  more  careful  testing  of  sand  that  is  to  be 
used  in  concrete. 

Desch,  Cecil  H. 

Chemistry  and  testing  of  cement.     267  p.     1911.     Arnold. 

Standard  sand  for  cement  tests  considered  briefly,  p.  185-186. 

40 


Dibdin,  W.  J. 

Composition  and  strength  of  mortars.  54  p.  1911.  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects. 

Gives  results  of  many  tests,  with  numerous  diagrams,  and  includes  material  on  the 
influence  of  quality  of  sand  on  the  strength  of  mortars. 

Dieckman,  George  P. 

Mechanical  grading  of  concrete  sand.  1915.  (In  Concrete-cement 
age,  v.7,  p.68-6g.) 

Summary  of  experiments  showing  effect  of  grading  as  indicated  by  tensile  strength 
and  absorption  tests.  Several  tables  and  graphs  are  used  to  present  data. 

Feret. 

Sur  la  compacite  des  mortiers  hydrauliques.  1892.  (In  Annales  des 
ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  7,  v.4,  p. 5-164.) 

"Errata,"  p. 550. 

Includes  much  information  on  sand  for  use  in  making  hydraulic  mortars.  Theoreti- 
cal. 

Feret,  R. 

Essais  de  divers  sables  pour  mortiers.  1896.  (In  Annales  des  ponts 
et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  7,  v.i2,  p.i74-i97.) 

Includes  two  plates  and   14  tables  giving  data  on  sands  for  mortar. 

The  same,  abstract.     1896.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.34,  p. 311.) 

Feret,  R. 

Essais  de  divers  sables  pour  mortiers  (vingt  ans  apres).  1916.  (In 
Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  9,  v.34,  p. 70-80.) 

Gives  results  of  tests  on  mortar  sands  that  had  been  immersed  in  sea-water  for  a 
very  long  period.  Author  concludes  that  the  best  mortar  for  use  in  sea-water  is  made 
from  sand  that  is  not  too  fine  and  not  too  uniform  in  size. 

Feret,  R. 

fitude  experimental  du  ciment  arme.    777  p.     1906.     Gauthier-Villars. 

Theoretical  and  experimental  treatise,  including  data  on  sand  in  its  relation  to  rein- 
forced concrete. 

Feret,  R. 

fitudes  sur  la  constitution  intime  des  mortiers  hydrauliques.  1897. 
(In  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d'Encouragement  pour  1'Industrie  Nationale, 
v.96,  pt.2,  p.i59i-i625.) 

Includes  much  information  on  sand  in  its  relation  to  the  quality  of  the  hydraulic 
mortar  in  which  it  is  used.  Theoretical. 

Forrest,  Charles  N. 

New  device  for  the  mechanical  analysis  of  concrete  aggregates. 
1906.  (In  Proceedings  of  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.6. 
p.45&-46i.) 

Describes  automatic  mechanical  device  for  sifting  of  sand  and  other  concrete  ag- 
gregates. Gives  table  showing  how  closely  the  device  approximates  hand  sifting  in  its 
results. 

Free,  E.  E. 

Proposed  study  of  concrete  sands;  possible  explanation  of  the  de- 
fective sands.  1912.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.67,  p.iO24-iO25.) 

Author  attempts  to  explain  the  defects  mentioned  by  John  R.  Freeman  by  the  theory 
that  adhering  organic  matter  reduces  the  bonding  power  of  the  sand  grains. 

41 


Freeman,  John  R. 

Proposed  study  of  concrete  sands;  defective  concrete  sands.  1912. 
(In  Engineering  news,  v.67,  p. 1022-1024.) 

The  same,  abstract.     1912.     (In  Concrete-cement  age,  v.i,  p. 44.) 
Author  calls  attention  to  the  peculiar  behavior  of  certain  sands  which  pass  all  ocular 
and   manual  tests  for  a  good  concrete  sand,   but   which   fail   to  make  .a  strong  concrete. 
See  also   Free,  E.  E. 

Gaines,  Richard  H. 

Gaines,  Richard  H. 

Proposed  study  of  concrete  sands;  further  thoughts  on  the  physical 
chemistry  of  the  defective  sands.  1912.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.6;, 
p.  1025-1026.) 

Author  advances  two  possible  explanations  for  the  defects  mentioned  by  John  R. 
Freeman.  These  he  terms  "catalytic  action"  and  "sterical  hindrance." 

Gary,  M. 

Der  deutsche  normalsand.  1903.  (In  Mitteilungen  aus  den  Koni- 
glichen  Technischen  Versuchsanstalten  zu  Berlin,  v.2i,  p. 2-48.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.  1904.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.155,  p.49i-492.) 

Extensive  paper  describing  operation  of  quarry  of  standard  sand  in  Freienwalde, 
Germany. 

Gary,  M. 

Normal-sande.  1898.  (In  Mittheilungen  aus  den  Koniglichen  Tech- 
nischen Versuchsanstalten  zu  Berlin,  v.i6,  p. 121-143.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.  1899.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.135,  p. 372.) 

Investigation   of  standard  sands  for  cements. 

Gassier. 

Note  on  the  comparative  mechanical  strengths  and  the  stabilities 
in  sea-water  of  crushed  sand  mortars  and  sea-sand  mortars.  1912.  (In 
Proceedings  of  International  Association  for  Testing  Materials,  6th 
congress,  section  2,  paper  XVII  5,  p. 1-9.) 

Presents  results  of  tests  conducted  in  France. 

Goslich,  C. 

German  normal  sand.  1911.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  In- 
stitution of  Civil  Engineers,  v.i83,  p.367-368.) 

Abstract  of  article  on  the  discovery  of  a  new  deposit  of  quartz  sand  suitable  for  use 
as  the  German  normal  sand  for  cement  testing. 

Greenman,  R.  S. 

Practical  tests  of  sand  and  gravel  proposed  for  use  in  concrete. 
1911.  (In  Proceedings  of  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  V.TT, 
p.  5 1 5-5  20.) 

Discussion,  p. 521-530. 

The  same.     1911.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.64,  p.66-67.) 

Covers  sampling,  laboratory  tests  and  field  tests.     Gives  tables  of  test  results. 

Greenman,  R.  S. 

Tests  of  natural  concrete  aggregates.  1913.  (In  Proceedings  of 
American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.i3,  p.828-833.) 

Includes  data  on   the  effect  of  various  kinds  of  sand   on  the  strength   of  concrete. 

42 


Griesenauer,  G.  J. 

Loam  and  clay  in  sand  for  concrete.     1904.     (In  Engineering  news, 

v.5i,  P4I3-) 

The  same,  abstract.     1904.     (In  Le  Genie  civil,  v.45,  p.  115-11 6.) 

Gives  tables  and  graphs  of  test  data  compiled  in  an  effort  to  determine  the  effect 

of  impurities  in  sand  on  the  concrete  made  from  it. 

Hain,  J.  C. 

Mortar  sand.  1905.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  National  Association 
of  Cement  Users,  v.i,  p.42-5o.) 

The  same.     1905.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.53,  p.  127-129.) 

The  same.     1905.     (In  Municipal  engineering,  v.28,  p.146-152.) 

The  same.  1905.  (In  Railway  and  engineering  review,  v.45,  P-4O-41? 
43-44-) 

The  same,  abstract.  1905.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  v.i6i,  p.396— 397.) 

See  also  editorial  "Concerning  specifications  for  sand." 

Gives  requirements  of  sand  for  mortar  and  describes  tests  performed  on  several 
sands. 

See  also   Coe,  Edward  K. 

Huestis,  Charles  C. 

How  consistency  and  age  affect  strength  of  mortar;  natural-sand  vs. 
Ottawa-sand  tests  discussed  in  connection  with  standard  requirements 
for  equal  strength.  (In  Engineering  record,  v.72,  p. 484.) 

Shows  different  results  of  strength-tests  when  natural  sand  and  Ottawa  sand  are 
used. 

Huestis,  Charles  C. 

Experience  with  impure  sand  for  concrete.  1905.  (In  Engineering 
news,  v.53,  P-23I-) 

Letter  to  editor  commenting  on  paper  by  J.  C.  Hain  in  regard  to  the  effect  of  un- 
clean sand  'on  mortar. 

Humphrey,  Richard  L. 

Cement  and  concrete  tests  at  the  St.  Louis  exposition.  1905.  (In 
Engineering  news,  v.54,  p. 300-305.) 

See  also  editorial,  p-309. 

Presents  test  data  on  concrete  made  from  various  cements  and  sands.  Gives  specific 
gravity,  percentage  of  voids,  and  granulometric  composition  of  several  sands,  and  tensile 
and  compressive  strengths  of  mortars  made  from  them. 

Humphrey,  Richard  L. 

Organization,  equipment  and  operation  of  the  Structural-materials 
Testing  Laboratories  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  84  p.  1908.  (In  United  States 
— Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no.329.) 

Contains  information  on  facilities  of  this  laboratory  for  testing  sands. 

Humphrey,  Richard  L. 

Strength  of  concrete  beams.  1908.  (In  United  States — Geological 
survey.  Bulletin  no.344,  p.i-58.) 

Results  of  tests  of  108  beams  (first  series)  made  at  the  Structural-materials  Testing 
Laboratories. 

Section  on  "Tests  of  constituent  materials"  has  subsection  "Sand,"  p.  16-18.  Mera- 
mec  river  sand  was  used  in  all  aggregates.  Tables  given,  showing  tests  of  mortars,  phys- 
ical properties  of  sand,  tests  of  cement. 

43 


Humphrey,  Richard  L. 

Work  done  in  the  structural  materials  testing  laboratories,  United 
States  geological  survey,  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1906.  1906. 
(In  Proceedings  of  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.6,  p. 342- 
345-) 

Gives  summary  of  tests  of  the  constituent  materials  of  mortar  and  concrete.  In- 
cludes sand. 

Humphrey,  Richard  L. 

See  also  Association  of  American  Portland  Cement  Manufacturers. 

Humphrey,  Richard  L.  &  Jordan,  William,  /;-. 

Portland  cement  mortars  and  their  constituent  materials.  1908.  (In 
United  States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no. 331,  p.i-i3O.) 

Results  of  tests  made  at  the  Structural-materials  Testing  Laboratories,  Forest  Park, 
St.  Louis,  1905-07. 

Section  on  "Sand  and  sand  mortars,"  15.42-79.  Covers  method  of  collection,  de- 
scription of  sands,  physical  tests  of  sands,  physical  tests  of  sand  mortars. 

Jewett,  J.  Y. 

Some  sand  experiments  relating  to  per  cent,  of  voids  and  tensile 
strength.  1906.  (In  Proceedings  of  American  Society  for  Testing  Ma- 
terials, v.6,  p.4O5-4ii.) 

Discussion,  p. 412-41  5. 

Methods  of  testing  described  and  tables  of  test  data  shown.  Tests  aimed  to  deter- 
mine relation  between  per  cent,  of  voids  in  sand  and  strength  of  mortar. 

Johnson,  J.  B. 

Materials  of  construction.     Ed. 4,  rev.  &  enl.     795  p.     1912.     Wiley. 

"Normal  or  standard  sand"  discxtssed,  11.424-429.  Chapter  30,  11.568-629,  on  "Re- 
sults of  tests  on  cements,  cement-mortars,  and  concretes,"  includes  considerable  informa- 
tion on  sand  for  concrete. 

Kitts,  J.  A. 

Economical  proportions  for  Portland-cement  mortars  and  concretes. 
1917.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials, 
v.i  7,  p.279-294.) 

Discussion,  p. 295-300. 

Author  shows  how  to  compute,  mathematically,  the  best  proportions.  Considerable 
attention  to  the  influence  of  the  sand  in  mortars  and  concretes. 

Kitts,  J.  A. 

Weight-volumetric  proportioning  of  concrete  aggregates  in  testing. 
1915.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials, 
V.TS,  pt.2,  p.i53-i6o.) 

Discussion,  p.  161-170. 

Includes  considerable  information  on  sand  in  its  relation  to  the  quality  of  concrete. 

Laclotre. 

Influence  de  1'argile  contenue  dans  les  sables  sur  la  resistance  des 
mortiers.  1916.  (In  Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  9, 
v.36,  p.257-270.) 

Cites  results  and  shows  graphs  of  tests  conducted  in  an  effort  to  determine  what 
benefits,  if  any,  result  from  the  washing  of  sand  for  use  in  mortars. 

44 


Larned,  E.  S. 

Some  observations  on  the  effect  of  water  and  combinations  of  sand 
upon  the  setting  properties  and  tensile  strength  of  Portland  and  natu- 
ral cements.  1903.  (In  Proceedings  of  American  Society  for  Testing 
Materials,  v.3,  p. 401-410. ) 

Discussion,  p. 41  1-41  3. 

Explains  methods  of  testing,  and   shows  results  by  tables  and  diagrams. 

Lamed,  E.  S. 

Study  of  sand  for  use  in  cement  mortar  and  concrete.  1912.  (In 
Journal  of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies,  v.48,  p. 189-204.) 

Discussion,  1x204,  207,  337-338. 

The  same,  abstract.  1912.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  V.I9O,  p. 377.) 

Larned,  E.  S. 

Value  of  sand  in  concrete  construction.  1908.  (In  Proceedings  of 
the  National  Association  of  Cement  Users,  v.4,  p. 205-210.) 

Discusses  the  importance  of  definite  knowledge  regarding  the  sand  which  is  to  be 
used  in  concrete,  and  presents  in  tabulated  form,  test  data  on  several  samples. 

Lazell,  E.  W. 

Comparative  tests  of  lime  mortar,  both  in  tension  and  compression: 
hydrated  lime  and  sand;  lump  lime  and  sand;  cement-lime  and  sand. 
1910.  (In  Proceedings  of  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.io, 
p.328-340.) 

Description  of  tests,  and  test  results  presented  in  graphical  form. 

Meade,  Richard  K. 

Portland  cement;  its  composition,  raw  materials,  manufacture,  test- 
ing and  analysis.  512  p.  1911.  Chemical. 

Standard  sand  for  cement  tests  considered  briefly,  p. 426,  432. 

Montgomery,  Charles  M. 

Sand  testing  at  New  York.  1915.  (In  Engineering  record,  v.7i, 
P-55I-552.) 

Discusses  test  requirements  for  acceptance  of  sand  used  in  concrete  construction  by 
Board  of  water  supply  of  New  York. 

Montgomery,  Charles  M. 

Testing  of  sand  for  concrete.  1914.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.7i, 
p. 804-805.) 

Criticism  of  certain  of  the  laboratory  methods  of  sand  testing  as  shown  in  Cloyd  M. 
Chapman's  paper  on  "Testing  of  sand  for  use  in  concrete." 

Sec  also  Cloyd  M.  Chapman's  reply,  p. 805. 

National  Association  of  Cement  Users. 

Report  of  Committee  on  specifications  and  methods  of  tests  for 
concrete  materials.  1912.  (In  its  Proceedings,  v.8,  p. 473-485.) 

The  same,  condensed.     1912.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.65,  p. 349-350.) 
Includes  data  on  tests  of  sand  for  concrete. 

National  Association  of  Cement  Users. 

Request  for  laboratory  methods  of  testing  sand.  1912.  (In  Engi- 
neering news,  v.67,  p. 1043.) 

Letter  to  editor  from  Committee  on  specifications  and  methods  of  tests  for  concrete 
materials  [of  National  Association  of  Cement  Users]  asking  for  communications  from 
those  willing  to  furnish  laboratory  data  on  cement  tests. 

45 


New  instrument  tests  sands  quickly  in  the  field.  1915.  (In  Engineer- 
ing record,  v.7i,  p.82i-822.) 

Describes  construction  and  operation  of  a  new  sand-testing  device  for  use  in  the 
field. 

Query!  what  was  the  percentage  of  voids  in  this  sand?  1902.  (In  En- 
gineering news,  v.48,  p-34.) 

See  also  letters  by  W.  F.  Mann,  p.6s,  and  by  W.  B.  Fuller  and  C.  W.  L.  Filkins,  p.8i, 
in  explanation. 

Letter  to  editor  asking  an  explanation  of  an  apparent  discrepancy  between  experi- 
mental results  on  voids  in  sand  and  the  usual  theoretical  figures  for  those  voids. 

Rapid  sand  testing  device.  1915.  (In  Concrete-cement  age,  v.7,  p. 189- 
190.) 

Describes  a  small  device  for  use  in  the  field  in  testing  quality  of  sands. 

Reinhart,  M.  J. 

Standard  sand  for  cement  work.  1907.  (In  Engineering  record, 
v.s6,  p.64.) 

Abstract  of  paper  before  Iowa  Cement  Users'  Association  giving  an  account  of  tests 
conducted  to  determine  how  ordinary  sands  can  be  improved  by  screening  or  by  adding 
the  proper  material  to  give  the  mixture  the  least  percentage  of  voids. 

Reinke,  W.  B. 

Observations  on  the  testing  of  sand.  1913.  (In  Proceedings  of 
American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.i3,  p.797-8o6.) 

Discussion,  p.8o7-8i2. 

The  same,  abstract.     1913.     (In  Concrete-cement  age,  v.3,  p.84-86.) 
The  same,  abstract.     1913.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.68,  p.2O2.) 
The  same,  abstract.     1913.     (In  Railway  and  engineering  review,  v.53, 
p.740-74i.) 

Advocates  more  attention  to  testing  of  sands  for  concrete.  Suggests  tests  that 
should  be  applied,  and  gives  tables  and  graphical  data  showing  test  results. 

Roman,  F.  L. 

Effect  of  fineness  of  sand  and  of  clay  and  loam  on  the  strength  of 
mortar.  1915.  (In  Engineering  and  contracting,  v.43,  p.4O3-4o6.) 

Summary  of  tests  conducted  by  Illinois  highway  department.  Results  shown  by 
numerous  graphs. 

[Sand  tests.]  1894.  (In  Annual  report  of  the  chief  of  engineers, 
United  States  Army,  for  the  year  1894,  pt-4.) 

Appendix  MM,  p. 2261-2381,  contains  many  tables  of  test  data,  among  which  are 
several  on  sand  for  concrete. 

[Sand  tests.]  1895.  (In  Annual  report  of  the  chief  of  engineers, 
United  States  Army,  for  the  year  1895,  pt.4.) 

Appendix  LL,  ^2859-3070,  contains  many  tables  of  test  data,  among  which  are 
several  on  sand  for  concrete. 

Schiile,  F. 

Standardised  tests  for  hydraulic  binding  media  by  the  use  of  stand- 
ard sand  prisms.  1912.  (In  Proceedings  of  International  Association 
for  Testing  Materials,  6th  congress,  section  2,  paper  XIII,  p.i-i4.) 

Suggestions  in  regard  to  the  use  of  standard  sands  of  various  countries  in  making 
cement  tests. 

Scofield,  H.  H. 

Need  for  testing  commercial  sands  for  use  in  concrete.  1914.  (In 
Engineering  record,  v.69,  p.i7O.) 

Abstract  of  paper  presented  to  Indiana  Engineering  Society. 

46 


Spackman,  Henry  S.  &  Lesley,  R.  W. 

Sands;  their  relation  to  mortar  and  concrete.  1908.  (In  Proceed- 
ings of  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.8,  9.429-448.) 

Discussion,  p. 449-453. 

The  same,  abstract.  1908.  (In  Scientific  American  supplement,  v.66, 
p.394-395.) 

Emphasizes  the  importance  of  the  quality  of  sand  for  mortar  and  concrete  and  of 
its  testing  and  inspection;  and  suggests  the  desirability  of  standard  specifications  and 
standard  test  methods.  Numerous  tables  of  test  results. 

Taylor,  Harry. 

Tests  to  show  suitability  of  various  kinds  of  sand  for  use  in  con- 
crete. 1903.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.49,  p. 306.) 

Giv.es  test  results  of  mortar  briquettes  made  of  three  kinds  of  sand:  standard 
crushed  quartz,  Plum  Island  sand  from  Massachusetts,  and  crusher  dust. 

Thompson,  Sanford  E. 

Sand  for  mortar  and  concrete.  14  p.  1906.  (In  Association  of 
American  Portland  Cement  Manufacturers.  Bulletin  no. 3.) 

The  same.  1906.  (In  Scientific  American  supplement,  v.62,  p. 25550- 
25551,  25571.) 

Urges  the  necessity  of  more  careful  tests  of  sands  and  suggests  procedures  for 
carrying  out  certain  tests. 

Thompson,  Sanford  E.  and  others. 

Field  examination  of  concrete  sand.  1915.  (In  Concrete-cement 
age,  v.6,  p.303-305:  v.7,  p.73~75,  156-157.) 

Short  discussions  by  several  authors  on  value  and  methods  of  field  tests  of  concrete 
sands. 

Thompson,  Sanford  E.  and  others. 

Impurities  in  sand  for  concrete.  1909.  (In  Transactions  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.65,  p. 250-273.) 

Informal  discussion  at  annual  convention,  July  8,   1909. 

Tests  on,  and  observations  of,  the  effect  of  impurities  in  sand  for  concrete. 

Tomlinson,  C.  W. 

Method  of  making  mineralogical  analysis  of  sand.  1915.  (In  Bulle- 
tin 101  of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  May  1915, 
P-947-956.) 

The  same,  abstract.     1916.     (In  Revue  de  metallurgie,  v.i3,  p. 195-198.) 

Gives  methods  of  analysis  to  determine  the  influence  of  the  mineralogical  constitu- 
tion of  sand  upon  the  properties  of  concrete  and  mortar  in  which  it  is  used. 

Unwin,  William  Cawthorne. 

Testing  of  materials  of  construction.     480  p.     1910.     Longmans. 

Chapter  19,  "Limes  and  cements,"  contains  considerable  information  on  the  effect 
of  quality  and  proportion  of  sand  on  cement  mortars. 

Van  de  Greyn,  E.  B. 

Sand  testing  at  Denver.     1915.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.7i,  p. 551.) 
Discusses  test  requirements  for  acceptance  of  sand  used  by  the  city  of  Denver. 

Webb,  Dewitt  C. 

Tests  of  coral  sand  and  rock  with  reference  to  their  use  in  concrete. 
1908.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.59,  p. 524.) 

Gives  test  results  of  concrete  made  from  coral  sand  and  rock  as  found  in  the  Key 
West  district. 

47 


Withey,  M.  O. 

Survey  of  the  concrete  aggregates  of  Wisconsin.  1912.  (In  Con- 
crete, v.i2,  p. 55-60.) 

Includes  a  description  of  methods  used  at  University  of  Wisconsin  for  testing  sand 
for  concrete. 

Withey,  M.  O. 

Tests  of  mortars  made  from  Wisconsin  aggregates.  1913.  (In  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.i3,  p.834- 
857.) 

Includes    considerable   material   on   the   influence   of   the   sand   on   the   properties   of 


Treatment 
Candlot. 

Liability  to  error  in  mixing  cement  with  wet  and  dry  sand.  1890. 
(In  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  v.9,  p. 1037.) 

The  same.  1891.  (In  Engineering  news  and  American  railway  jour- 
nal, v.25,  9.173.) 

Brief  abstract  of  article  on  variations  that  might  occur  in  the  strength  of  mortars, 
on  account  of  errors  in  mixing  caused  by  wet  sand. 

Cochran,  Jerome. 

Proportioning  and  mixing  concrete.  1912.  (In  Engineering  and 
contracting,  v.3/,  p. 147-152.) 

Includes  material  on  grading,  proportioning,  measuring  and  mixing  the  sand  that  is 
to  be  used  in  concrete. 

Duryee,  Edward. 

Cement  investigations  in  Arizona.  1903.  (In  United  States — Geo- 
logical survey.  Bulletin  no.213,  p. 372-380.) 

The  same,  abstract.     1903.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.49,  p.487~488.) 
Includes  material  on  methods  and  advantages  of  grinding  sand  and  cement  together 
and  using  the  mixture  in  place  of  pure  cement.     The  product  is  known  as  sand  cement. 

Edwards,  L.  N. 

Effects  of  grading  of  sands  and  consistency  of  mix  upon  the  strength 
of  plain  and  reinforced  concrete.  1917.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  Ameri- 
can Society  for  Testing  Materials,  v.ij,  pt.2,  p. 301-357.) 

Discussion,  p. 358-363. 

Contains  much  information  on  the  effect  of  quality  and  treatment  of  sand  on  the 
properties  of  concrete. 

Emley,  Warren  E. 

Effect  of  consistency  and  amount  of  sand  on  the  properties  of  lime 
mortars.  1914.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Ceramic  Society, 
v.i6,  p.  151-161.) 

Emley,  Warren  E. 

Properties  of  cement-lime-sand  mortars.  1917.  (In  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  \M7,  pt.2,  p.26i-272.) 

Discussion,  p. 273-278. 

Shows,  by  means  of  tri-axial  diagrams,  the  more  important  properties  of  cement- 
lime-sand  mortars.  Includes  data  on  the  manner  in  which  these  properties  are  effected 
by  changes  in  the  proportion  of  sand. 

48 


Hervieu,  P. 

Use  of  wet  sand  in  the  making  of  mortars.    1897.     (In  Brickbuilder, 

V.6,  p.229-230.) 

Treats   of  the  difference   of   weight  and   of  volume   of  dry   sand  and   wet   sand,   to- 
gether with  the  effect  that  these  discrepancies  may  have  on  mixing-formulas  for  mortars. 


Use  in  Pavements 
Cross,  Walter  M. 

Poor  sand  the  cause  of  the  rapid  disintegration  of  a  sheet-asphalt 
pavement.  1915.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.73,  p.62i.) 

Trouble  encountered  in  a  Kansas  City  pavement,  thought  to  be  due  to  peculiar 
properties  of  the  sand  used. 

Green,  P.  E. 

Brick  pavement  on  two-inch  mortar  base  laid  for  $1.45^  per  square 
yard.  1916.  (In  Engineering  record,  v.74,  P-797-799.) 

Thin  mortar  base  used  instead  of  the  usual  thicker  concrete  base.  Tests  were  made 
to  determine  the  best  size  of  sand  for  use  in  the  mortar  base. 

Homberg  &  L'fiveille. 

Sur  la  construction  et  1'entretien  des  chaussees  pavees.  1841.  (In 
Annales  des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  2,  v.i,  p. 83-128.) 

Includes  data  on  use  of  sand  in  the  joints  between  paving-blocks,  and  on  use  of 
sand  as  a  foundation  material  for  pavements. 

Hubbard,  Prevost. 

Impact  tests  of  the  efficiency  of  sand  cushions  in  brick  pavements. 
1917.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.77,  p. 206-207.) 

Tests  show  effect  of  cushion  of  sand  as  used  in  various  types  of  brick  pavements. 

See  also  Impact  tests  on  brick  paving  slabs  variously  construed. 

Impact  tests  on  brick  paving  slabs  variously  construed.     1917.     (In  En- 
gineering news,  v.77,  p.so6-5o8.) 

Discussion  by  several  authors  on  paper  by  Prevost  Hubbard  relating  to  the  efficiency 
of  sand  cushions  for  brick  pavements. 

Mandigo,  Clark  R. 

Cement-sand  bed  best  for  woodblock  paving.  1915.  (In  Engineer- 
ing record,  v.7i,  p. 647-648.) 

Gives  reasons  why  a  mixture  of  Portland  cement  and  sand  should  be  used  as  a 
bedding  course  for  wood-block  paving. 

Sand  spreader  for  pavements.     1917.     (In  Municipal  engineering,  v.48, 

p.  1 47-) 

Brief  trade  notice,  mentioning  apparatus,   its  capacity  and  manufacturers. 

Smith,  Francis  P. 

Essential  physical  properties  of  sand,  gravel,  slag  and  broken  stone 
for  use  in  bituminous  pavements.  1916.  (In  Better  roads  and  streets, 
v.6,  p.i8-2i.) 

The  same.     1916.     (In  Canadian  engineer,  v.3O,  p. 224-227.) 

Lecture  before  the  graduate  course  in  highway  engineering  at  Columbia  University, 
Jan.  26,  1916. 

Includes  data  on  requirements  as  to  shape,  character  of  surface,  wear  resisting 
quality,  size  and  cleanliness. 

49 


Molding-Sand 

Properties  and  Specifications 
Bale,  George  R. 

Modern  iron  foundry  practice.  2v.  1902-05.  Technical  Publishing 
Co.,  London. 

v.i   contains   considerable   information   on   molding-sands,   their   properties   and   uses. 

Boiteux,  Jules. 

Notes  sur  la  fonderie  de  fer.     83  p.     1903. 

Contains  considerable  information  on  molding-sands,  especially  in  chapter  3,  p. 50-69. 

Bolland,  Simpson 

The  iron-founder;  a  comprehensive  treatise  on  the  art  of  moulding. 
382  p.  1892.  Wiley. 

Contains  data  on  molding-sand. 

Buchanan,  Robert. 

Foundry  management  in  the  new  century;  moulding  by  hand  and 
by  machine.  1903.  (In  Engineering  magazine,  v.24,  p.695-713.) 

Facing-sands  considered,  p. 708-7 13. 

Buchanan,  Robert. 

Foundry  management  in  the  new  century;  specification  and  pur- 
chase of  coke,  iron  and  sand.  1903.  (In  Engineering  magazine,  v.24, 
p.879-895.) 

Touches  briefly  on  "sand  allowance"  in  purchase  of  pig-iron,  and  on  the  essential 
qualities  of  molding-sand. 

Charnock,  G.  F. 

Mechanical  technology.    635  p.     1916.    Van  Nostrand. 

Chapter  22,  "Methods  of  moulding,"  includes  a  little  material  on  sand  for  molding. 

Duponchelle,  J. 

Manuel  pratique  de  fonderie.    258  p.    1914.    Dunod  and  Pinat,  Paris. 

Chapter  3,  p.  136-1 63,  is  on  molding-sands  and  their  uses. 

Eckel,  Edwin  C. 

Molding  sand;  its  uses,  properties  and  occurrence.  1901.  (In  New 
York  (state) — Museum.  Annual  report  (55th),  for  1901,  p.r9i-r96.) 

Concise  treatment. 

Short  bibliography  appended. 

Field,  H.  E. 

Molding  sands.     1906.     (In  American  manufacturer,  v.78,  p. 271-275.) 
The  same.     1906.     (In  Iron  trade  review,  v.39,  pt.i,  March  15,  1906, 

p.  1 9-22.) 

The  same.     1906.     (In  Scientific  American  supplement,  v.6i,  p. 25346- 

25347.) 

The  same,  abstract.     1906.     (In  Iron  age,  v.77,  p.95i-952.) 

Paper  before  Pittsburgh  Foundrymen's  Association,  March  5,    1906. 
Covers  composition,   ingredients,   analysis,   refractoriness,  porosity,   strength,   size  of 
grain,  etc. 

Die  formmaterialien  fiir  stahlformguss.    1904.    (In  Stahl  und  eisen,  v.24, 
pt.2,  p.958-<>62.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.     1904.     (In  Foundry,  v.25,  p.89-9O.) 

Considers  the  differences  between  the  molding-sands  used  for  gray  iron  and  those 
used  for  steel  castings. 

50 


French  sand.     1917.     (In  Brass  world  and.  platers'  guide,  v.i3,  p.3O7.) 

Brief  reference  to  the  characteristics  of  French  sand  for  molding. 

Frohman,  E.  D. 

Core  sands  and  core  binders.     1906.     (In  Foundry,  v.28,  p. 216-219.) 

Treats  of  the  desired  qualities  of  sand  for  cores.  Shows  table  of  test  results  of 
strength  of  cores  made  from  sands  containing  various  proportions  of  clay. 

Geiger,  C.  ed. 

Handbuch  der  eisen-  und  stahlgiesserei.    2v.    471  p.,  772  p.     1911-16. 
Julius  Springer,  Berlin. 
Bibliographical  foot-notes. 
Contains  a  large  amount  of  material  on  molding-sands  and  their  uses. 

Gray,  Burton  L.  ed. 

Foundry  work;  a  practical  handbook  on  standard  foundry  practice, 
including  hand  and  machine  molding,  cast  iron,  malleable  iron,  steel 
and  brass  castings,  foundry  management,  etc.;  revised.  196  p.  1916. 
Amer.  Technical  Soc. 

Contains  considerable  information  on  molding-sand. 

International  Correspondence  Schools,  Scranton,  Pa. 

Foundry  appliances,  pt.i-2.  43+46  p.  [1916?]  (In  International 
library  of  technology,  v.142,  section  76-77.) 

Includes  information  on  the  treatment  of  molding-sand  in  the  foundry. 
Similar  information  in  v.jB,  46,  $C  of  same  set. 

Kampmann. 

Composition  des  sables  employes  pour  la  fabrication  des  moules 
dans  les  fonderies.  1845.  (In  Annales  des  mines,  memoires,  ser.  4,  v.8, 
p. 689-690.) 

Brief  abstract  of  article  in  "Revue  scient.,  t.XXI,  p.2is." 

Karr,  C.  P. 

Preliminary  report  on  molding  sands.  1916.  (In  Transactions  of 
the  American  Foundrymen's  Association,  v.24,  p. 143-156.) 

Discussion,  p.  156-160. 

Same,  without  discussion.  1915.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Metals,  v.9,  p.4O9~423.) 

Treats  of  porosity  and  permeability,  refractoriness,  cohesiveness,  texture,  durability, 
tests. 

Kent,  William. 

Mechanical  engineers'  pocket-book.     Ed.9,  rev.     1916.    Wiley. 
Contains  information  on  molding-sand,  its  necessary  qualities  and  its  uses. 

Lane,  H.  M. 

How  to  get  high  core  efficiency.  1915-  (In  I™11  a&e,  V-Q6,  pt.i, 
p.684-686.) 

Includes  material  on  the  quality  of  sand  demanded  for  cores. 

Lane,  Henry  M. 

The  core  room;  its  equipment  and  management.  1911.  (In  Trans- 
actions of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  v.33,  p-735- 
813.) 

Discussion,  p.8 14-820. 

The  same,  abstract.  1912.  (In  Mechanical  engineer,  v.29,  p. 802-805; 
v.3O,  p.  16-19,  46-49,  82-85.) 

Contains  much  on  properties,  treatment,  uses  and  tests  of  molding-sands. 

51 


Ledebur,  A. 

Handbuch  der  eisen-  und  stahlgiesserei.   478  p.    1901.   Voigt,  Leipzig. 
Contains  considerable  on  molding-sands,  especially  p.  195-201. 

Longmuir,  Percy. 

Fireclays  and  molding  sands;  the  nature  and  properties  of  refrac- 
tory materials  in  practical  use  in  foundry  operations.  1906.  (In  En- 
gineering magazine,  v.3O,  p.9O9~9ii.) 

Abstract  from  British  Foundrymen's  Association.  Latter  part  briefly  considers  cer- 
tain desirable  qualities  in  molding-sands. 

Machinery. 

Machinery's  handbook.     Ed. 3.     1914.     Industrial  Press. 
Contains  data  on  sands  for  iron  molding. 

McWilliam,  Andrew,  &  Longmuir,  Percy. 

General  foundry  practice.     383  p.     1907.     Griffin,  London. 
Presents  data  on  properties  and  uses  of  molding-sands. 

May,  Walter  J. 

Facings  and  facing  sands  in  the  foundry.  1908.  (In  Practical  engi- 
neer, v.37>  p.528-529.) 

Outlines  the  requirements  of  facing  sands  for  various  types  of  castings. 

Merrill,  F.  J.  H. 

Molding   sand.      1904.      (In    Engineering   and   mining   journal,   v.78, 

P-34I-) 

General  data  as  to  requirements  of  a  good  sand. 

Messerschmitt,  A. 

Calculation  und  technik  der  eisen-giesserei.  2v.  1903-04.  Baedeker, 
Essen. 

v.2  presents  considerable  information  on  molding-sand. 

Moldenke,  Richard. 

Molding  sand  problem  is  important.  1914.  (In  Iron  age,  v.94,  pt.i, 
p.  544-546.) 

Characteristics  best  for  various  classes  of  work;  bonding;  tempering;  size  of  grain; 
strength;  effects  of  high  temperature. 

Moldenke,  Richard. 

Moulding  sand.  1915.  (In  Journal  of  the  Institute  of  Metals,  v.i3, 
P-367-) 

Abstract  of  paper  appearing  in  "Mechanical  world,"   1914,  v.s6,  p. 248. 
Discusses  the  qualifications  of  a  good  molding-sand. 

Moldenke,  Richard. 

Principles  of  iron  founding.     517  p.     1917.     McGraw. 

Contains  considerable  material  on  foundry  sand  in  general. 

Moldenke,  Richard. 

Some  latter-day  problems  of  the  foundry.  1917.  (In  Scientific 
American  supplement,  ¥.84,  p.246-247.) 

Includes  brief  consideration  of  the  molding-sand  situation  as  fnfluenced  by  war  con- 
ditions. Primarily  concerned  with  quality  of  the  sand. 

Morgan,  J.  J. 

Notes  on  foundry  practice.     108  p.     1912.     Griffin,  London. 

Section  8,  ^27-36,  covers  "Moulding-sands." 

52 


Moulding  sand  and  moulding  machines.     1910.      (In  Mechanical  engi- 
neer, v.25,  p. 522.) 

Abstract    of    paper    by    H.    S.    Green    before    the    Sheffield    branch    of    the    British 
Foumlrymen's  Association,  on  "Modern  foundry  appliances." 
Touches  on  the  subject  of  quality  of  molding-sands. 

Muntz,  G.  &  Roubieu,  E. 

Steel  foundry  sand.  1917.  (In  Steel  castings  (house  organ  of 
Tropenas  Converter  Co.,  2243  Nostrand  Ave..  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.)  2d 
year,  no.6,  March  1917,  p. 81-94.) 

The  same.     1917.     (In  Foundry,  v.45,  p.312-315.) 

Covers  physical  and  chemical  composition,  permeability,  size  and  shape  of  grain, 
natural  sands,  clay  bond,  mechanical  treatment,  specifications,  and  reclaiming  of  old 
sand. 

Osann,  Bernhard. 

Lehrbuch  der  eisen-  und  stahlgiesserei.  580  p.  1913.  Wilhelm  En- 
gelmann,  Leipzig. 

Bibliographical  foot-notes. 

Contains  a  large  amount  of  material  on  molding-sand. 

Palmer,  R.  H. 

Foundry  practice.     332  p.     1912.     Wiley. 
Chapter  22,  p.2i  7-233,  covers  "Molding-sands." 

Payne,  David  W. 

The  founder's  manual.     676  p.     1917.     Van  Nostrand. 

Chapter  20,  "Moulding  sand,"  p. 468-491. 

Contains  also  short  sections  on  sand  conveyors  and  driers,  and  on  weight  of  sand. 
See  index  under  "Sand." 

Rhead,  E.  L. 

Principles  and  practice  of  ironfounding.  505  p.  Scientific  Pub.  Co., 
Manchester. 

Considerable  attention  to  properties  and  uses  of  molding-sands. 

Richards,  William  Allyn. 

Text-book  of  elementary  foundry  practice  for  the  use  of  students  in 
colleges  and  secondary  schools.  121  p.  1910.  Macmillan. 

Presents  considerable  material  on  molding-sand. 

Ries,  Heinrich,  &  Rosen,  J.  A. 

Foundry  sands.  1908.  (In  Michigan — Geological  survey.  Annual 
report  (9th),  of  state  geologist,  A.  C.  Lane,  P-33-85-) 

States  requisites  of  molding-sands;  outlines  test  methods;  gives  test  results  of 
various  sands;  presents  notes  on  Michigan  molding-sand  occurrences. 

Roxburgh,  William. 

General  foundry  practice.     296  p.     1910.     Constable,  London. 
Considerable  attention  to  molding-sand. 

Sexton,  A.  Humboldt,  &  Primrose,  J.  S.  G. 

Principles  of  ironfounding  (and  foundry  metallography).  330  p. 
1911.  Van  Nostrand. 

Chapter  13,  p.  176-1 98,  covers  "Moulding-sands." 

Sharp,  John. 

Modern  foundry  practice.    759  p.     1900.     Spon. 

Considerable  attention  to  molding-sand. 

53 


Shaw,  J. 

Composition  and  properties  of  moulding  sand.  1910.  (In  Mechani- 
cal engineer,  v.25,  p-3ii.) 

Abstract  of  paper  before  Birmingham  branch  of  British   Foundrymen's  Association. 
Gives  briefly  the  requisites  of  good  molding-sand. 

Specifications  for  foundry  supplies.     1902.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.48, 
P.i84-i87.) 

Gives  list  of  specifications  as  laid  down  by  laboratory  department  of  the  J.  I.  Case 
Threshing  Machine  Co.,  Racine,  Wis.  Specification  no.  298,  p.  185-1 86,  gives  lengthy 
consideration  to  the  requisites  of  molding-sand. 

Tate,  James  M.  &  Stone,  M.  O. 

Foundry  practice;  a  treatise  on  molding  and  casting  in  their  various 
details.  Ed.3,  rev.  234  p.  1909.  Wiley. 

Contains  considerable  material  on  the  properties  and  uses  of  molding-sand. 

Truesdale,  D.  H. 

Molding  sand.  1897.  (In  Journal  of  the  American  Foundrymen's 
Association,  v.3,  p.i59-i62.) 

Discussion,  p.  162-1 75. 

Discussion.     1897.     (In  Iron  age,  v.6o,  p.  16-18.) 

Deals  chiefly  with  the  chemical  characteristics  and  their  effects. 

Vickers,  Charles. 

Sand  for  molding.  1915.  (In  Brass  world  and  platers'  guide,  v.ii, 
p.i6o-i6i.) 

Discusses  requisites  of  a  good  molding-sand  for  various  kinds  of  work. 

Vinsonneau. 

Notes  sur  les  sables  a  mouler  et  sur  leur  emploi  en  fonderie.  1906-08. 
(In  Revue  de  metallurgie,  memoires,  v.3,  p.  112-127;  v-5>  pt.i,  p.  130-139.) 

Walker,  E.  H. 

Molding  sand.  1900-01.  (In  Journal  of  the  American  Foundry- 
men's  Association,  v.9,  pt.3,  p.67-68.) 

Short  extract  from  specifications  for  molding-sands  used  by  manufacturing  concern. 

West,  Thomas  D. 

American  foundry  practice.     Ed.9.     408  p.     1897.     Wiley. 

Considerable  attention  to  molding-sand. 

West,  Thomas  D. 

West's  moulders'  text-book;  being  part  II  of  American  foundry 
practice.  461  p.  1885.  Wiley. 

Considerable  attention  to  molding-sand. 

Tests 

See  also  Properties  and  Specifications 

American  Foundrymen's  Association. 

Molding  sand  tests.     1912.     (In  its  Transactions,  v.2i,  p. 17-125.) 
Series  of  tests  of  molding-sands,  under  auspices  of  American  Foundrymen's  Associa- 
tion. 

Contents:  Introduction,  Richard  Moldenke. — Mineral  characteristics  of  the  molding- 
sands,  D.  Dale  Condit. — Microscope  as  a  testing  medium  for  molding  sand,  H.  C.  Louden- 
beck. —  Rational  analysis  of  the  molding  sands  tested,  H.  E.  Field.  —  Fineness. — Trans- 
verse strength. —  Crushing  strength. — Permeability  to  air. — Clay  bond. 

54 


Bourdon,  E. 

fitude  generale  des  sables  a  mouler.  1906.  (In  Bulletin  de  la  Societe 
d'Encouragement  pour  1'Industrie  Nationale,  v.ioS,  p. 314-317.) 

Report  on  certain  studies  of  Jules  Vinsonneau  in   Paris. 

Condit,  D.  Dale. 

See  American  Foundrymen's  Association. 

Curtis,  Algernon  Lewin. 

fitude  resumee  sur  les  sables  de  fonderie  et  leur  traitement.  1913. 
(In  Revue  de  metallurgie,  v.io,  pt.i,  p.9O3-9i5.) 

The  same,  abstract  translation.     1914.     (In  Metal  industry,  v.12,  p. 241- 

243-) 

A  study  of  molding-sands  from  various  sources  for  the  purpose  of  determining  their 
suitability  for  foundr>  work.  Includes  instruction  in  microscopical  examination  and 
testing. 

Field,  H.  E. 

See  American  Foundrymen's  Association. 

Fiirth,  Hugo. 

Untersuchen  des  formsandes.  1906.  (In  Stahl  und  eisen,  v.26,  pt.2, 
p.ii95-ii97.) 

Cohesion,  permeability  and  refractoriness  are  considered  the  main  factors  that  should 
be  investigated. 

Irresberger,  Carl. 

Der  formsand;  seine  priifung  und  bewertung.  1913.  (In  Stahl  und 
eisen,  v.33,  pt.2,  p. 1433-1438,  1595-1601.) 

Illustrated  description  of  tests  for  molding-sand. 

Johnson,  Edw.  A. 

Testing  molding  sands  at  Wentworth  Institute,  1914.  (In  Transac- 
tions of  the  American  Foundrymen's  Association,  v.22,  p.285~29O.) 

Lane,  Henry  Marquette. 

Core  testing  standards.  1914.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American 
Foundrymen's  Association,  v.22,  p. 123-129.) 

Discussion,  p-343~346. 

Author  advocates  tension  tests  as  being  more  accurate  than  transverse  tests  in  investi- 
gating the  bond  of  core  sands.  Explains  and  illustrates  his  method  of  testing. 

Le  Chatelier,  Henry. 

Observations  sur  les  sables  de  fonderie.  1909.  (In  Revue  de  metal- 
lurgie, v.6,  p. 1256-1263.) 

Gives  results  of  tests  of  molding-sands. 

Loudenbeck,  H.  C. 

Sec  American  Foundrymen's  Association. 

Mather,  Richard. 

Testing  of  moulding  sands.    1912.    (In  Mechanical  engineer,  v.29,  p.4.) 

Abstract  of  author's  lecture  before  British  Foundrymen's  Association. 
Points  out  the  inadequacy  of  molding-sand  tests  and  suggests  remedies. 

Moldenke,  Richard. 

Molding  sand  tests.  1915.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American 
Foundrymen's  Association,  v.23,  p.69O-7O5.) 

Summary  of  results  of  tests  of  the  various  properties. 

55 


Moldenke,  Richard. 

See  also  American  Foundrymen's  Association. 

Ries,  Heinrich. 

Laboratory  examination  of  molding  sand.  1906.  (In  Foundry,  v.28, 
p.327-343.) 

Paper  before  American  Foundrymen's  Association,  Cleveland,  June   1906. 
Full  treatment  of  texture,  permeability,  life,  refractoriness  and  bonding  power.     In- 
cludes several  extensive  tables  of  test  results  and  of  properties  of  various  sands. 

Ries,  Heinrich. 

Relative  values  of  the  physical  and  chemical  examinations  of  mold- 
ing sands.  1908.  (In  Foundry,  v.32,  p. 224-226.) 

Author  deduces  that  chemical  examination  of  molding-sands  is  of  little  value  except 
in  cases  where  it  is  desired  to  select  a  highly  silicious  sand  for  special  work. 

Robeson,  J.  S. 

Core  sands.  1906.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Foundry- 
men's  Association,  v.i4,  p. 100-107.) 

The  same.     1905.     (In  Foundry,  v.26,  p. 281-288.) 

Shows  photomicrographs  of  grains  of  core  sands  from  various  localities  and  explains 
their  characteristics.  Also  shows  diagram  of  "sieve  analysis  of  sands  and  tensile  strength 
of  cores  made  with  gluetrin." 

Saurer,  Adolf,  &  Steinitzer,  F. 

Ermittlung  der  durchlassigkeit  von  form-  und  kernsanden.  1907. 
(In  Stahl  und  eisen,  v.27,  pt.i,  p-779-/8i.) 

Schmid,  A. 

Beitrag  zur  untersuchung  von  formsand.  1914.  (In  Stahl  und  eisen, 
v.34,  pt.2,  p.  1428-1430.) 

Outlines  simple  method  of  testing  molding-sand. 

Searle,  Alfred  B. 

Testing  of  moulding  sands.  1912.  (In  Mechanical  engineer,  v. 30. 
p.  1 68-1 70.) 

The  same.  1912.     (In  Castings,  V.TO,  p.i82-i86.) 

The  same,  condensed.    1912.    (In  Engineering  magazine,  v.44,  p. 103-106.) 

Outlines  the  characteristics  which  should  be  investigated  and  gives  procedure  for 
performing  the  necessary  tests. 

Treatment 

Methods  and  Machinery 

See  also  Reclaiming  Waste  Sand 

Bagshaw,  Walter. 

On  the  mechanical  treatment  of  moulding  sand.  1891.  (In  Pro- 
ceedings of  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  v.42,  p.94-ioi ;  plates 
25-29.) 

Discussion,  p.  102-107. 

The  same.     1891.     (In  Engineering,  v.5i,  pt.  I,  p. 259-260.) 

The  same,  abstract.     1891.     (In  Engineering,  v.5i,  pt.i,  p. 157-158.) 

Methods  of  mechanical  treatment,  machinery  used  and  costs. 

56 


Behrens,  H. 

Die  aufbereitung  und  beforderung  des  formsandes  in  der  neuen 
giesserie  von  Gebriider  Biihler,  Uzwil  (Schweiz).  1914.  (In  Zeitschrift 
des  Vereines  Deutscher  Ingenieurc,  v.58,  pt.i,  p. 161-170.) 

Description   of  modern  machinery  for  handling  and  preparing  molding-sand. 

Coleman,  E.  A. 

Core  room  practice.  1912.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American 
Foundrymen's  Association,  v.2O,  p. 307-353.) 

Profusely  illustrated  article  on  apparatus  and  methods  of  procedure  in  the  core 
room.  Treatment  of  core  sand  constitutes  the  greater  part  of  the  article. 

A   crane   sand   cutting   machine.      1915.      (In    Iron    trade    review,    v.56, 
p.  88-90.) 

The  same.     1915.     (In  Foundry,  v.43,  p.77-79.) 

Description  of  a  device  for  tempering  and  cutting  over  molding-sand  in  steel  and 
heavy  gray-iron  foundries. 

Efficient  foundry  sand-handling  plant.   1913.   (In  Foundry,  v.4i,  p. 21-26.) 

Illustrated  description  of  plant  in  the  foundry  of  Hart-Parr  Co.,  Charles  City,  la. 
Shows  record  forms  used  in  the  foundry. 

Electrically-driven,  portable  sand  riddle.  1915.   (In  Foundry,  v.43,  P-325-) 

Brief  illustrated  description  of  riddle  for  molding-sand. 

Flumerfelt,  O.  F. 

How  economies  can  be  effected  in  core  shops.     1913.     (In  Foundry, 

v.41,  P-532-534-) 

Includes  material  on  selection  and  treatment  of  sand  for  cores. 

Fortschritte  auf  dem  gebiete  der  eisengiesserei.     1892.     (In  Dinglers 
polytechnisches  journal,  v.283,  p. 200-206,  214-220.) 

Section  on  "Materialien  und  deren  verarbeitung"  contains  data  on  molding-sands 
and  their  treatment. 

Foundry  sand   mixer.      1906.      (In    Iron   and   coal   trades   review,   v.73, 

p.  1004.) 

Illustrated  description  of  a  motor-driven  mechanical  sand-mixer  for   foundries, 

Geiger,  C. 

Eine  selbsttatige  anlage  zur  aufbereitung  von  formsand.  1912.  (In 
Stahl  und  eisen,  v.32,  pt.2,  p. 2165-2168.) 

Illustrated  description  of  apparatus  for  handling  and  preparing  molding-sand. 

Gillot,  A.  &  Lockert,  Louis. 

Nouveau  manuel  complet  du  fondeur  de  fer  et  de  cuivre,  suivi  de  la 
fonte  des  statues  et  des  cloches  [redige]  par  N.  Chryssocho'ides.  Rev. 
and  enl.  ed.  2v.  1905.  Mulo,  Paris. 

Pt.3  of  chapter  2.  v.i,  p. 74-1 05,  is  concerned  with  molding-sands  and  their  prepara- 
tion. 

Gilmour,  E.  B. 

Grinding  of  sands  in  the  foundry.     1912.      (In  Castings,  v.Q.  P-U5- 

136.) 

Preparation  of  molding-sand   for   heavy  castings. 

Green,  J.  C. 

Making   molding  sand.      1903.      (In   American   machinist,   v.26,  pt.i, 

p.;67-768.) 

Letter  to  editor  in  which  author  tells  his  experience  in  treating  molding-sand  witl 
uther  substances  in  order  to  add  to  its  bonding  power. 

57 


Ideal  core  sand  mixer.     1914.     (In  Foundry,  v.42,  p.242.) 
Brief  illustrated  description  of  apparatus. 

Improved  magnetic  separator  for  use  of  ironfounders.     1914.     (In  Iron 
and  coal  trades  review,  v.88,  p.2O4.) 

Brief  description  of  apparatus  for  magnetically  separating  iron  particles  from  used 
molding-sand. 

Improved  sand  shaker.     1915.     (In  Foundry,  v.43,  p. 208.) 
Brief  illustrated  description  of  pneumatic  shaker  for  molding-sand. 

Knauth,  G. 

Preparation  of  molding  sand.     1904.     (In  Foundry,  ¥.25,  p. 90. ) 

Abstract   of  article  in    "Giesserei   zeitung,"    Aug.    15,    1904. 

Kraus,  J. 

Ueber  aufbereitung  und  beforderung  des  formsandes  in  den  gies- 
sereien.  1907.  (In  Stahl  und  eisen,  v.27,  pt.2,  p. 1485-1491,  1536-1541, 
1576-1581.) 

Lohse,  U. 

Neuzeitliche  sandaufbereitungsvorrichtungen.  1915.  (In  Giesserei 
zeitung,  v.i2,  p.97~ioi,  132-135.) 

Describes  and  illustrates  machinery   for  the  mechanical  treatment  of  sand. 

Lohse,  U. 

Die  sandaufbereitungsanlagen  der  eisengiesserei  von  A.  Stotz  A.-G. 
in  Stuttgart-Kornwestheim.  1915.  (In  Giesserei  zeitung,  v.i2,  p. 209- 
214.) 

Describes  and   illustrates   machinery   for   the   mechanical   treatment   of  molding-sand. 

Lohse,  U. 

Die  sandaufbereitungsvorrichtungen  der  Alfred  Gutmann  Aktien- 
gesellschaft  fur  Maschinenbau,  Altona-Ottensen.  1915.  (In  Giesserei 
zeitung,  v.i2,  p.293-296,  309-311.) 

Describes  and  illustrates  machinery  for  the  mechanical  treatment  of  sand. 

Lohse,  U. 

Die  sandaufbereitungsvorrichtungen  der  Vereinigten  Schmirgel-  und 
Maschinenfabriken,  Hannover-Hainholz.  1915.  (In  Giesserei  zeitung, 
v.i  2,  p.257-263,  278-282.) 

Describes  and  illustrates  machinery   for  the  mechanical  treatment  of  sand. 

May,  Walter  J. 

Facing  sands  and  their  use;  variations  in  faces  and  how  to  obtain 
them.  1908.  (In  Scientific  American  supplement,  v.66,  p. 363.) 

Describes  processes  of  molding  in  which  facing-sands  are  applicable  and  explains 
the  use  of  the  latter. 

Minich,  V.  E. 

Mechanical  sand  tempering.  1912.  (In  Transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can Foundrymen's  Association,  v.2i,  p. 231-240.) 

Advocates  machinery  rather  than  hand  labor  for  the  tempering  or  "cutting"  of 
molding-sand. 

Moderne    sandaufbereitung.      1904.      (In    Stahl    und    eisen,    v.24,    pt.2, 
p.963-965.) 

Description  of  apparatus  for  treatment  of  molding-sand  preparatory  to  its  use. 

Motor-driven  rotary  sand  riddle.     1915.     (In  Foundry,  v.43,  Poio.) 

Brief  illustrated  description  of  riddle  for  molding-sand. 

58 


Miiller,  Eduard. 

Maschinelle  aufbereitung  des  formsandes  in  giessereien.  1912.  (hi 
Zeitschrift  des  Vereines  Deutscher  Ingenieure,  ¥.56,  pt.2,  9.1147-1157.) 

Describes  and  illustrates  a  plant  for  the  working  and  handling  of  molding-sand. 

Mulvey,  James. 

Green  sand  cores.  1915.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Foundry- 
men's  Association,  ¥.23,  p.373-375-) 

Advocates  the  more  extensive  use  of  green  sand  cores  in  molding,  and  draws  atten- 
tion to  their  advantages. 

Mumford,  E.  H. 

A  loose  ring  riddle.     1907.     (In  Iron  age,  v.79,  p.  1797.) 
Illustrated  description  of  an  improved  type  of.  sand  riddle   for  foundry  work. 

Oppen,  Erich. 

Eisenverluste  in  giessereien.  1914.  (In  Stahl  und  eisen,  ¥.34,  pt.2, 
p.  1532-1533.) 

Describes    a    traveling    magnetic    separator    for    recovering    iron    from    molding-sand. 

Oppen,  Erich. 

Elektromagnetische  eisenseparatoren  im  giessereibetriebe.  1910. 
(In  Stahl  und  eisen,  ¥.30,  pt.2,  p.1912-1917.) 

Illustrates  and  describes  apparatus  for  the  magnetic  separation  of  iron  particles 
from  used  molding-sand. 

Outerbridge,  Alexander  E. 

Molding  sand  and  its  preparation.  1896.  (In  Iron  age,  v.57,  9.415- 
4i/.) 

Outerbridge,  Alexander  E.  jr. 

Improvement  of  molding  sand  by  mechanical  treatment.  1907.  (In 
Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  v.29, 

9.865-874.) 

Discussion,  p. 874-876. 

The  same,  abstract.     1907.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.58,  p. 639.) 

Shows,  by  tests,  the  effect  of  mechanical  treatment  of  molding-sands. 

Palmer,  R.  H. 

Core  practice  and  sands  used  for  cores  in  various  parts  of  the 
country.  1905.  (In  American  machinist,  v.28,  pt.2,  p. 448-452.) 

Ronceray,  E. 

New  method  of  preparing  foundry  sand.  1908.  (In  Transactions 
of  the  American  Foundrymen's  Association,  v.i6,  p. 12-13.) 

Automatic  device  for  mixing  and  rubbing  molding-sand. 

Sand-handling  system  for  brass  foundries.     1914.     (In   Foundry,  v.42, 
9.105-107.) 

Illustrated  description  of  plant  of  Arcade  Mfg.   Co..  Freeport,  111. 
Sand  mixing  plant  for  a  large  foundry.     1914.     (In  Iron  age,v.94,  pt.2, 
p.  1 273- 1275.) 

How  four  different  core  sand  requirements  for  five  core  rooms  are  met  by  the 
Aluminum  Castings  Company,  Detroit. 

Sand  treating  equipment.     1911.     (In  Iron  age,  v.87,  pt.i,  p. 110-114.) 

Gives  individual  illustrated  descriptions  of  several  devices  for  treating  molding- 
sand.  Includes  descriptions  of  "Hanna"  sifter,  "Deane"  sifter,  "Pangborn"  dryer, 
"Auto"  mixer.  "Sellers"  centrifugal  mixer,  and  the  "Standard"  blending  machine. 

59 


Eine  selbsttatige  aufbereitanlage  fiir  modellsand  und  masse.     1913.     (In 
Zeitschrift  des  Vereines  Deutscher  Ingenieure,  v.5/,  pt.2,  p. 1062-1065.) 

Illustrated  description  of  plant. 

Silica  facing  mixture.     1914.     (In  Foundry,  v.42,  p.  146.) 

Gives  directions  for  the  preparation  of  silica  sand  facing  for  green  sand  molds  for 
steel  castings. 

Stockham  homogeneous  sand  mixer.     1906.     (In  Iron  age,  v.78,  p. 477.) 
Illustrated  description  of  motor-driven   mechanical  sand-mixer  for  foundries. 

Treiber,  E. 

Foundry  machinery.     139  p.     1913.     Scott,  Greenwood. 
Considerable  attention   to  the  mechanical  handling  of  molding-sands. 

West,  Thomas  D. 

Instruction  in  molding  and  cupola  work.  1903.  (In  Journal  of  the 
American  Foundrymen's  Association,  v.i2,  p. 210-212,  404-417.) 

Second  part  treats  of  the  methods  of  hand  preparation  of  molding-sands. 

West,  Thomas  D. 

Recent  advances  and  improvements  in  founding.  1916.  (In  Trans- 
actions of  the  International  Engineering  Congress,  1915,  v.7,  Mechanical 
engineering,  p.i-47.) 

Discussion,  p. 48-50. 

Contains  considerable  information  on  handling  and  treating  molding-sand. 

What  to  do  with  molder's  sand.     1904.     (In  Scientific  American  supple- 
ment, v.57,  P-235 13-235 14-) 

Outlines  the  chief  requisites  of  a  good  molding-sand  and  tells  how  it  should  be 
treated  before  use. 

Wilson,  Thomas  D. 

Foundry  practice.  1911.  (In  Proceedings  of  the  Cleveland  Institu- 
tion of  Engineers,  session  1910-11,  p. 206-234.) 

Discussion,  p. 235-244. 

The  same,  abstract.    1911.    (In  Iron  and  coal  trades  review,  v. 82,  p. 615.) 

Includes  material  on  the  preparation  of  molding-sand. 


Reclaiming  Waste  Sand 
Capron,  S.  A. 

Waste  sands  in  the  foundry.     1914.     (In  Transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can Foundrymen's  Association,  v.2O,  p. 563-564.) 

Use  of  core  sand  washing  machines. 

Estep,  H.  Cole. 

Utilization   of  old   foundry  sand.      1913.      (In   Foundry,  v.4i,   p. 521- 
522.) 

Discusses  profitable  uses  to  which  used  molding-sand  may  be  put. 

Lane,  H.  M. 

Waste    foundry    sand.      1916.      (In    Transactions    of    the    American 
Foundrymen's  Association,  v.25,  p. 567-569.) 

Discussion,  p. 569-576. 

Outlines  the  principles  which  govern  the  reclamation  of  used  foundry  sand. 

60 


Reclaiming   of   waste    foundry   sand.      1914.      (In    Iron   age,   v.93,   pt.2, 


The  same,  abstract.  1914.  (In  Industrial  engineering  and  the  engi- 
neering digest,  v.i4,  p.  301.) 

The  same,  condensed.  1914.  (In  Brass  world  and  platers'  guide,  v.io, 
p.253-256.) 

Describes  methods  for  restoring  waste  foundry  sands  to  usable   condition. 
Restoring   the  good   qualities   of  molding  sand.      1912.      (In    Castings, 
v.io,  p.ns.) 

Outlines  method  used  in  German  foundries. 

Saunders,  W.  M.  &  Hanley,  H.  B. 

Reclaiming  molding  sand.  1916.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American 
Foundrymen's  Association,  v.24,  p.  179-185.) 

Discussion,  p.  185-191. 

Methods  and  tests  pertaining  to  the  process  of  restoring  used  molding-sand  to  its 
former  condition. 

Smith,  Charles  A. 

Use  of  old  core  sand.     1904.     (In  Foundry,  v.25,  p.  157-158.) 

Explains  author's  method  for  preparing  old  core  sand  so  that  it  may  be  used  again. 

Swan,  H.  B. 

Waste  foundry  sand.  1916.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American 
Foundrymen's  Association,  v.25,  p.  563-566.) 

Gives  results  of  a  questionnaire  sent  to  a  number  of  foundries  in  an  endeavor  to 
collect  data  as  to  the  disposition  of  used  molding  and  core  sand. 

Thompson,  A.  M. 

Economies  in  the  manipulation  of  sand.  1914.  (In  Foundry,  v.42, 
p.i97.) 

The  same.     1914.     (In  Iron  age,  v.93,  pt.2,  p.i232.) 

Abstract  of  paper  before  Chicago  Foundrymen's  Club. 

Gives  methods  of  effecting  economies  by  treating  old  molding  and  core  sands  so 
that.  they  may  be  used  again. 

Miscellaneous 

American  Foundrymen's  Association. 

Report  of  the  A.  F.  A.  Advisory  committee  to  the  United  States 
bureau  of  standards.  1916.  (In  its  Transactions,  v.25,  p.558~56o.) 

Discussion,  p.  561-562. 

Regarding  an  endeavor  of  the  American  Foundrymen's  Association,  in  collaboration 
with  the  United  States  bureau  of  standards,  to  prepare  an  artifical  molding-sand. 

Consumption  of  sand  in  the  foundry.     1904.     (In  Foundry,  v.25,  p.  13.) 
Figures  compiled  by  editor  in  attempt  to  determine  average  amount  of  molding-sand 
required  per  ton  of  iron  castings  and  per  ton  of  brass  castings. 

Gordon,  F.  E. 

Molding  sand.     1903.     (In  American  machinist,  v.26,  pt.i,  p.647-648.) 
The  same.    1903.      (In  Iron  trade  review,  v.36,  pt.i,  April  16,  p.53~54-) 

Briefly  describes  several  important  deposits  of  molding-sand  and  emphasizes  the 
importance  of  selecting  a  good  grade  of  sand. 

Keep,  W.  J. 

Molding  sand.     1915.     (In  Foundry,  v.43,  p.  380-381.) 
In   answer   to   a    question    asking   whether   good   molding-sand    is    more    difficult    to 
obtain   at   present   than   it  was   formerly,   whether   artificially   mixed   sand   is   as   good   as 
the  natural  product,  and  whether  foundries  dry  and  bolt  as  much  sand  now  as  formerly. 

61 


Munk,  Eugen. 

Stahlformsand,  stahlputzsand  und  stahlsand.  1913.  (In  Stahl  und 
eisen,  v.33,  pt.2,  p.1984-) 

Author  points  out  that  these  three  terms  are  often  misused  and  suggests  that  a 
definite  meaning  be  given  to  each. 

Stratton,  S.  W. 

Report  of  work  on  molding  sand.  1916.  (In  Transactions  of  the 
American  Foundrymen's  Association,  v.25,  p-557.) 

Report  of  progress  made  by  United  States  bureau  of  standards  in  attempting  to 
prepare,  in  collaboration  with  a  committee  of  the  American  Foundrymen's  Association, 
an  artificial  molding-sand. 

Glass  Sand 
Benrath,  H.  E. 

Glasfabrikation.    495  p.     1880. 
Use  of  sand  in  glass  industry  briefly  mentioned,  p. 37,   173,   ^65. 

Biser,  Benjamin  F. 

Elements  of  glass  and  glass  making.  174  p.  1900.  Glass  and  Pottery 
Pub.  Co. 

Section  on  "Silica,"  p. 24-29,  treats  of  sand  for  use  in  glass-making. 

Boswell,  P.  G.  H. 

Sands  for  glass  making,  with  special  reference  to  optical  glass.    1917. 
(In  Scientific  American  supplement,  v.84,  p. 310-311.) 
Abstract  of  paper  before  the  Optical  Society  (London). 
Considers  requisites  and  treatment. 

Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

Requirements  of  sand  and  limestone  for  glass  making.  1906.  (In 
United  States — Geological  survey.  Bulletin  no.28s:  Contributions  to 
economic  geology,  1905,  p.452-458.) 

Definition  and  components  of  glass,  requirements  of  glass  sand,  analyses  of  glass 
sand,  "literature." 

Dralle,  Robert,  cd. 

Die  glasfabrikation.     2v.     1911. 

Glass  sand  considered,  v.i,  p.  139-145,  giving  the  requisites  of  a  good  sand  for  the 
manufacture  of  glass. 

Ferguson,  John  B. 

Determination  of  iron  in  glass  sand.  1917.  (In  Journal  of  industrial 
and  engineering  chemistry,  v.9,  p. 941-943.) 

Gives  procedure  for  testing  for  iron  in  glass  sands,  especially  sand  for  optical  glass. 

Frink,  R.  L. 

Effects  of  alumina  on  glass.  1909.  (In  Transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can Ceramic  Society,  v.u,  p.99-iO2.) 

Urges  the  value  of  alumina  as  a  constituent  of  glass  and  states  that  it  is  better  not 
to  wash  glass  sand,  as  such  washing  removes  the  loam  which  carries  alumina. 

Frink,  R.  L. 

Some  fallacies  and  facts  pertaining  to  glass  making.  1909.  (In 
Transactions  of  the  American  Ceramic  Society,  v.u,  p.29o-3T7.) 

Discussion,  p. 3 17-3 19. 
Treats  of  sand,  p-3O5-3o8. 

Gerner,  Raimond. 

Glas-fabrikation.    348  p.     1897.     Hartleben. 

Glass  sand  mentioned  briefly,  p.  29-40. 

62 


Gessner,  Frank  M. 

Glassmakers'  hand-book.  1/5  p.  1891.  George  E.  Williams,  Pitts- 
burgh. 

Glass  sand  mentioned  briefly,  p.  i,  2,  24. 

Grimsley,  G.  P. 

History  of  the  glass  sand  industry  in  West  Virginia.  1909.  (In 
West  Virginia — Geological  survey.  Report,  v.4,  p. 375-390.) 

Brief  outline  of  essential  features  of  glass  manufacture,  requirements  of  a  glass 
sand  and  description  of  the  various  West  Virginia  deposits  of  glass  sand. 

Halik,  Johann. 

Handbuch  der  glasfabrikation.     137  p.     1908. 
Glass  sand  treated  briefly,   P-5/-59.  , 

Hasluck,  Paul  N. 

Glass  working  by  heat  and  by  abrasion.     160  p.     1899.     Cassell. 

Brief  reference  to  the  use  of  sand  in  glass-making,  p.i  50-151. 

Jarves,  Deming. 

Reminiscences  of  glass-making.  Ed. 2.  u6p.  1865.  Kurd  &  Hough- 
ton. 

"Sand,  or  silex,"  p.  111-112,  mentions  early  use  of  sand  in  glass-making. 

Linton,  Robert. 

Glass.     1900.     (In  Mineral  industry  for  1899,  v.8,  p. 234-263.) 
Gives  brief  reference  to  sand  as  used  in  glass-making. 

Peddle,  C.  J. 

British  glass-making  sands,  pt.i:  The  substitution  of  some  British 
sands  for  foreign  sands  in  the  manufacture  of  high  grade  glass.  1917. 
(In  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Glass  Technology,  v.i,  transactions, 
p.27-59.) 

Discussion,  p. 59-61. 

The  same,  abstract.  1917.  (In  Chemical  news  and  journal  of  physical 
science,  v.ii5,  p. 58.) 

Outlines  requirements  of  good  glass  sands,  and  gives  results  of  many  tests  of  treated 
British  sands. 

Peligot,  Eug. 

Le  verre;  son  histoire,  sa  fabrication.  495  p.  1877.  G.  Masson, 
Paris. 

Glass  sand  treated,  p. 7-8,   10-15. 

Powell,  Harry  J. 

Principles  of  glass-making.     i86p.     1883.     Bell. 
Chapter  6,  "Raw  materials,"  treats  briefly  of  glass  sand,   p. 24-25. 
Use  of  sand  in  crown  and  sheet  glass,  p.  101-102. 

Rosenhain,  Walter. 

Glass  manufacture.     264  p.     1908.     Van  Nostrand. 

Section  on  "Sources  of  silica,"  p. 37-39,  touches  on  the  qualities  of  sand  for  glass- 
making. 

Tscheuschner,  E. 

Handbuch  der  glasfabrikation  nach  alien  ihren  haupt-  und  neben- 
zweigen.  Ed. 5.  666  p.  1885.  Voigt,  Weimar. 

Glass  sands,  p.72-75. 

63 


United  States — Census  office. 

Manufacture  of  glass.  1913.  (In  United  States — Census  bureau. 
(I3th  census,  1910.)  [Final  reports],  v.io,  p.875-884.) 

Gives  statistics  on  the  use  of  sand  in  the  glass  industry. 
Similar  data  in  previous  census  reports. 

United  States — Geological  survey. 

Survey  publications  on  glass  sand  and  glass-making  materials.  1910. 
(In  Bulletin  no. 430:  Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1909,  pt.i, 
P-42I.) 

Similar  list,  1908.  (In  Bulletin  no. 340:  Contributions  to  economic 
geology,  1907,  pt.i,  p.428.) 

Wardman,  George. 

Grains  of  sand.    1887.    (In  Popular  science  monthly,  v.3i,  p.247-249.) 
The  same.     1887.     (In  Scientific  American  supplement,  v.24,  p.9822, 

under  title  "Sand  for  glass.") 

Outlines  the  glass  sand  industry  of  the   Pittsburgh  district,    1887. 

Weeks,  Joseph  D. 

Glass  materials.  1885.  (1°  United  States — Geological  survey.  Min- 
eral resources,  calendar  years  1883,  1884,  p.958-977.) 

Contains  sections  on  "Tests  of  sand,"  "Glass  sands  of  the  United  States,"  and  tables 
of  analyses  of  European  and  United  States  glass  sands,  ^.960-962. 

Weeks,  Joseph  D. 

Glass  materials.  1886.  (In  United  States — Geological  survey.  Min- 
eral resources,  calendar  year  1885,  p. 544-557.) 

Section  on  "Sand,"  p.545-546.  "Consumption  of  materials  in  the  manufacture  of 
glass  in  1885,  [including  sand],"  p. 556. 

Weeks,  Joseph  D. 

Report  on  the  manufacture  of  glass.  114  p.  1883.  David  Williams, 
N.  Y. 

Consists  of  part  of  Final  report  of  tenth  census,  v.2. 

Chapter  3,  p. 24-30,  treats  of  glass  sand,  its  sources,  analysis,   statistics,   etc. 

Sand  for  Ceramic  Industries 

Ashley,  Harrison  Everett. 

Requirements  of  pottery  materials.  1910.  (In  Transactions  of  the 
American  Ceramic  Society,  v.i2,  p.433~45i.) 

Discussion,  p. 45 1-462. 

"Placing  sand"  treated,  p.449-45o. 

Burt,  Stanley  G. 

Fineness  of  flint  in  its  relation  to  the  manufacture  of  pottery  bodies. 
1901.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Ceramic  Society,  v.3,  p.17-23.) 

Discussion,  p. 23-24. 

Describes  tests  to  show  relation  between  fineness  of  pottery  sands  and  quality  of 
finished  product. 

Carlsen,  O. 

Cement-bricks  and  sand-testing.  1906.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.i65,  p.443~444.) 

Abstract  of  article  dealing  with  the  quality  and  quantity  of  sand  that  should  be 
used  in  cement  bricks. 

64 


Griinwald,  Julius. 

Raw  materials  for  the  enamel  industry  and  their  chemical  tech- 
nology. 225  p.  i9J4.  Griffin. 

Table  of  analyses  of  various  sands  for  enamel  manufacture,  p.  18-20. 

New  process  of  manufacturing  silicate-of-lime  stone  from  sand.     1904. 
(In  Scientific  American  supplement,  ¥.58,  p. 23962-23963.) 

Describes  process  of  making  solid  blocks  or  slabs  from  sand.  They  are  said  to  be 
as  hard  and  as  durable  as  quarried  stone. 

Orton,  Edward,  jr. 

Experiments  on  the  drying  of  certain  tertiary  clays.  1911.  (In 
Transactions  of  the  American  Ceramic  Society,  v.i3,  ^.765-791.) 

Has  section  on  the  effect  of  antiplastic  materials  as  additions  to  pottery  clay.  A 
short  portion  of  this  section  deals  with  sand  as  such  an  antiplastic. 

Orton,  Edward,  jr. 

Note  on  the  relation  between  the  tensile  strength  of  clay  mixtures 
and  the  size  of  the  grains  of  their  non-plastic  constituents.  1900.  (In 
Transactions  of  the  American  Ceramic  Society,  v.2,  p.ioo-H9.) 

Discussion,  p. 119-1 25. 

Describes  series  of  tests  of  tensile  strength  of  clay  mixed  with  sand  of  six  different 
grades  of  fineness. 

Peppel,  Samuel  Vernon. 

Manufacture  of  artificial  sand  stone  or  sand-lime  brick.  1905.  (In 
Ohio — Geological  survey.  (4th  survey.)  Bulletin  no.5.) 

Type  of  sand  that  can  be  used  and  the  effects  of  different  physical  characteristics 
of  the  sand  used  are  discussed,  p.24-3o.  Preparation  of  sand  for  use,  p. 38-39. 

Ries,  Heinrich. 

Clays;  their  occurrence,  properties  and  uses.     490  p.     1906.     Wiley. 

Makes  several  brief  references  to  the  use  of  sand  in  the  clay  industries. 

Ries,  Heinrich,  &  Kiimmel,  H.  B. 

Clays  and  clay  industry  of  New  Jersey.  548  p.  1904.  (In  New 
Jersey — Geological  survey.  (3d  survey.)  Final  report  of  state  geolo- 
gist, v.6.) 

Considerable  attention  to  the  effect  of  sand  on  the  chemical  and  physical  properties 
of  clays. 

Speir,  Harry  F. 

Methods  employed  in  connection  with  the  reduction,  milling  and 
shipment  of  quartz,  flint  rock  or  silica  sand.  1911.  (In  Transactions 
of  the  American  Ceramic  Society,  v.13,  p. 326-331.) 

Discussion,  p.33!-335- 

Deals  with  the  grinding  of  sand  for  use  in  the  pottery  industry. 

Filter  Sand 
Burgess,  Philip. 

Mechanical  analysis  of  sands.  1915.  (In  Journal  of  the  American 
Water  Works  Association,  v.2,  p.493~5oo.) 

Discussion,  p. 500-5 14. 

The  same,  abstract.     1915.      (In   Canadian  engineer,  v.28,  p.699~70O.) 
The  same,  abstract.     1915.     (In  Engineering  record,  v.7i,  p.644-646.) 

Advocates  the  adoption  by  the  engineering  profession  of  a  standard  method  and 
standard  apparatus  for  making  mechanical  analyses  of  sands  and  gravels.  Pertains  al- 
most exclusively  to  the  analysis  of  filter-bed  materials,  but  some  of  the  subject  matter 
is  adaptable  to  the  analysis  of  concrete  mixtures,  paving  mixtures,  etc. 

65 


Clark,  W. 

Geelong  and  Sandhurst  water  supplies.  1879.  (In  Minutes  of  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  ¥.56,  p. 152-158.) 

Discussion  on  papers  by  Edward  Dobson  and  Joseph  Brady  in  same  volume.  Author 
describes  the  use  of  a  natural  deposit  of  sand  as  a  storage  reservoir  and  filter  for  the 
water-supply  of  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

Don,  John. 

Filtration  and  purification  of  water  for  public  supply.  1909.  (In 
Proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  v.?3,  pts.i-2, 
p.7-105.) 

Discussion  and  communications,  p.  106-209. 

Contains  considerable  on  sand  as  used  for  water  filtration. 

Economy  effected  in  the  use  of  river  sand  as  a  filter  medium  at  Moline, 
111.     1915.     (In  Engineering  and  contracting,  v.43,  p. 236-237.) 

Brief  record  of  success  attained  in  use  of  river  sand  instead  of  special  bank  or  sea- 
coast  sands  in  filtration  work. 

Ellms,  Joseph  W. 

Study  of  the  behavior  of  rapid  sand  filters  subjected  to  the  high- 
velocity  method  of  washing.  1916.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.8o,  p. 1342-1381.) 

Discussion,  p.  1382-1 428. 

Contains  material  on  behavior  of  filter  sand  and  on  the  influence  of  the  quality  of 
the  sand  when  thus  washed. 

Fritze,  L.  A. 

River  sand  as  a  filter  medium.  1915.  (In  Journal  of  the  American 
Water  Works  Association,  v.2,  p. 390-392.) 

Treats  of  the  adaptability  of  river  sand,  as  compared  to  bank  sand,  for  a  filter 
medium.  Relative  costs  of  the  two  are  also  mentioned. 

Goetze,  Eugen. 

Filtration  for  public  water  supplies,  with  especial  reference  to  the 
double  filtration  plant  at  Bremen,  Germany.  1904.  (In  Transactions 
of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.53,  p. 210-227.) 

Discussion,  p. 228-271. 

Contains  considerable  on  sand  for  filters,  especially  the  handling  and  washing  of 
sand,  p.226-227,  229-231,  250-254,  265-269. 

Gow,  Charles  R. 

Methods  and  costs  of  construction  of  the  slow  sand  purification 
works  for  the  new  Springfield,  Mass.,  water  supply.  1910.  (In  Journal 
of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies,  v.45,  p. 189-263.) 

Discussion,  v.45,  p. 263-280;  v.46,  p.  130-1 43. 

Presents  data,  p. 244-256,  on  character,  treatment,  handling  and  cost  of  filter  sand. 

Hazen,  Allen. 

Some  physical  properties  of  sands  and  gravels,  with  special  refer- 
ence to  their  use  in  filtration.  1893.  (In  Massachusetts — Health  board. 
Annual  report  for  1892,  v.24,  p.54i~556.) 

Gives  an  account  of  some  of  the  methods  of  analysis  used  and  results  obtained  in 
tests  of  the  physical  properties  of  filter  sands  at  Lawrence  Experiment  Station,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

66 


Hazen,  Allen,  &  Hardy,  E.  D. 

Works  for  the  purification  of  the  water  supply  of  Washington, 
D.  C.  1906.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers, v.57,  P-307-363.) 

Discussion,  1x364-454. 

Contains  considerable  on  sand  for  filtration  plants,  especially  p. 326-334,  340-350, 
386-399,  400-408,  445-447. 

Hoopes,  E.  M.  ./;-.  &  Caird,  J.  M. 

Washing  sand  at  Wilmington  filters.  1914.  (In  Engineering  record, 
v.69,  p.587-588.) 

Gives  statistics  regarding  the  washing  of  filter  sand  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  with  a 
Blaisdell  machine. 

Knowles,  Morris,  &  Hyde,  C.  G. 

Lawrence,  Mass.,  city  filter;  a  history  of  its  installation  and  main- 
tenance. 1901.  (In  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  v.46,  p. 258-308.) 

Discussion,  p.3O9-3;8. 

Contains  considerable  on  sand  for  filters,  especially  the  handling  and  washing  of 
sand. 

Lea,  R.  S. 

Sand  filtration  of  public  water  supplies.  1899.  (In  Transactions  of 
the  Canadian  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.i3,  p. 33-77.) 

Discussion,  p. 78-90. 
Contains  d?ta  on  filter  sand. 

New   sedimentation    basin   and   masonry   covered   sand   filter   beds   at 
Albany,  N.  Y.     1898.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.39,  p.9i-92.) 

Description,  with  two-page  plate,  of  proposed  new  filtration  plant.  Gives  specifica- 
tions for  the  filter  gravel  and  filter  sand. 

Nichols,  E.  Mr 

Development  of  devices  for  cleaning  the  sand  of  slow  sand  filters. 
1909.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.62,  p.359~36o.) 

Brief  discussion  of  the  various  types  of  washers  used  up  to  that  time,  with  illus- 
trated description  of  new  washing  device  perfected  by  author. 

Open    slow   sand    filters   at    Yonkers,    N.    Y.      1904.      (In    Engineering 
record,  v.so,  p. 30-32.) 

Describes  system  used  for  washing  filter-bed  sand.  Describes  experimental  sand- 
washer  for  removing  fine  particles  from  sand  for  filters. 

Pittsburgh  water  purification  works.     1902.     (In   Engineering  record, 
v-45,  P-73-77-) 

Contains  condensed  specifications  for  filter  sand  and  description  of  sand-washers. 
Settling  basins  and  slow  sand  filter  beds  for  Pittsburg,  Pa.  1902.  (In 
Engineering  news,  v.47,  p.137-139-) 

Contains   condensed   specifications   for   filter   sand   and   description   of  sand-washers. 

Soper,  George  A. 

Sand  washer  for  the  filter  beds  of  the  water-works  of  Hudson, 
N.  Y.  1895.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.34,  p.i7O.) 

Letter  to  editor  in  answer  to  inquiry  in  previous  issue  regarding  a  machine  for 
washing  filter  sand.  Gives  description  of  machinery  used  and  states  costs. 

Types  of  filter  underdrains,  a  new  balanced  valve  and  a  modified  Koert- 
ing  ejector  sand  washer.     1905.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.53,  p.i36.) 
Gives  brief  illustrated  description  of  the  Koerting  washer. 

67 


Water    purification    in    America.      1893.      (In    Engineering    news    and 
American  railway  journal,  v.3O,  p. 97-98.) 

Concerned  with  scheme  used  in  Lawrence,  Mass.     Includes' information  on  handling 
and  treatment  of  the  filter  sand  used. 


Sanding  of  Rails 
Automatic  sand  dryer.     1915.     (In  Electric  railway  journal,  ¥.46,  p.455.) 

Details  of  construction  of  a  device  for  drying  sand  for  use  on  electric  cars. 

Bentley,  F.  W. 

Clearing  sand  pipes  and  testing  injectors.  1917.  (In  Railway  and 
locomotive  engineering,  v.3O,  p. 28.) 

Description  of  device  for  clearing  locomotive  sand-pipes  when  they  have  become 
clogged  with  damp  sand. 

Carr,  W.  F. 

Railway  sand  experience.  1915.  (In  Electric  railway  journal,  v.45, 
P-I43-) 

Author  concludes  that  the  use  of  high-grade  sand  which  needs  no  cleaning  is  cheaper 
for  electric  railway  sand-box  use  than  is  a  cheaper  sand  that  has  to  be  cleaned  and 
dried. 

Caruthers,  C.  H. 

Handling  sand  on  locomotives.  1913.  (In  American  engineer,  v.87, 
p.172-173.) 

Letter  to  editor  commenting  unfavorably  on  careless  methods  of  handling  sand  on 
locomotives.  Is  also  concerned  with  the  position  of  the  sand-box  on  the  locomotive. 

Drying  sand  in  7-yd.  batches.     1915.     (In  Electric  railway  journal,  v.46, 
P-I93-) 

Details  of  construction  of  a  device  for  drying  sand  for  use  on  el?ctric  cars. 

Hawkins,  C.  L. 

New  sand-drying  plant  of  the  United  Railways  Company  of  St. 
Louis.  1912.  (In  Journal  of  the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies, 
v.48,  p. 61-67.) 

The  same,  abstract.     1912.     (In  Engineering  news,  v.67,  p.842— 843.) 

Description  of  plant  for  drying  sand  used  on  trolley-cars. 

Lister,  F.  G. 

Oil  burning  sand  drier.  1915.  (In  Railway  age  gazette,  mechanical 
edition,  v.89,  p.4<>7.) 

Shows  details  of  an  apparatus  used  for  drying  sand  used  on  locomotives. 

McDonald's  sand  drier.     1891.     (In   Engineer    [London],  v.7i,   p. 183.) 

Brief  illustrated  description  of  device  for  drying  sand  for  locomotives. 

Patton,  F.  E. 

Use  of  sand  on  locomotives.  1913.  (In  Railway  age  gazette,  me- 
chanical edition,  v.87,  p. 594.) 

Gives  several  suggestions  as  to  the  type  and  use  of  sand  for  the  prevention  of  slip- 
ping in  railway  locomotive  drive-wheels. 

Rankin,  K. 

Sanding  rails.     1917.     (In  Coal  age,  v.n,  p.946.) 

Gives  advice  in  regard  to  the  use  of  sand  on  electric  locomotives.  Emphasizes  the 
possibility  of  using  sand  so  frequently  or  in  such  large  amounts  that  the  locomotive  is 
partially  insulated  from  the  rails,  thereby  creating  a  dangerous  condition. 

68 


Sand-handling  by  the  Philadelphia  Rapid  Transit  Company.     1914.     (In 
Electric  railway  journal,  ¥.43,  p. 910-914.) 

Illustrated  description  of  elaborate  plant  for  receiving,  drying,  storing  and  distrib- 
uting sand  for  trolley-cars.  Includes  description  of  1 5-yard  tank  car  which  discharges 
sand  by  means  of  compressed  air. 

Sand  supply  house.  Union  Pacific  R.  R.     1901.     (In  Railway  and  engi- 
neering review,  v.4i,  p. 675.) 

Description  of  plant  for  drying  and  distributing  locomotive   sand. 

Sandbremse  fiir  elektrische  und  andere  bahnen.      1904.      (In   Annalen 
fiir  gewerbe  und  bauwesen,  v.54,  p. 76-77.) 

Illustrated  description  of  apparatus  for  handling  and  distributing  sand  for  railroads. 


General  and  Miscellaneous 

American  Railway  Engineering  and  Maintenance  of  Way  Association. 

Report  of  Committee  No. II:  On  ballasting.  1904.  (In  its  Pro- 
ceedings, v.5,  p. 481-514.) 

Includes   (p. 488)   a  brief  comment  as  to  the  value  of  sand  as  railway  ballast. 

American  Society  for  Testing  Materials. 

Standard  method  for  making  a  mechanical  analysis  of  mixtures  of 
sand  or  other  fine  material  with  broken  stone  or  broken  slag,  except 
for  aggregates  used  in  cement  concrete.  1916.  (In  A.  S.  T.  M.  standards 
of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  1916  issue,  p. 538-539.) 

Boswell,  P.  G.  H. 

Sands   used    in   metallurgical   practice,   with    comparative    notes   on 

those  used  in  glass-manufacture.     1917.     (In  Journal  of  the  Society  of 

Chemical  Industry,  v.36,  p-753-758.) 

The  same,  abstract.      1917.      (In   Colliery   guardian,  v.H4,   p.H3-H4.) 
Concerned  principally   with  the  necessary  physical   and  chemical  properties  of  glass 

sands  and  molding-sands.     Gives  tables  of  analyses; 

Bush,  Lincoln. 

Use  of  scows  and  sand  jacks  in  moving  and  lowering  a  looo-ton 
draw  bridge  over  the  Passaic  river  at  Newark,  N.  J.  1903.  (In  Engi- 
neering news,  v.50,  p. 596-599.) 

Editorial  comment,  p. 599-600. 

Detailed  account  of  the  use  of  sand-jacks  on  a  particular  work  requiring  the  careful 
lowering  of  a  heavy  mass. 

Charles,  Walter  N. 

Removing  and  washing  sand  from  sewage  grit  chamber,  New  Bed- 
ford, Mass.  1914.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.7i,  p. 886-888.) 

Method  of  cleansing  the  sand  which  enters  a  combined  storm-  and  house-sewage 
system,  in  order  that  when  removed  at  the  sewage  disposal  plant  it  will  not  be  objection- 
able to  residents  near  by. 

Chomley,  W.  B. 

Movable  sand-collecting  tank.  1914.  (In  Engineering  and  mining 
journal,  v.97,  p. 1103-1 104.) 

Abstract  of  article  in  "Monthly  journal  of  the  Chamber  of  Mines  of  Western  Aus- 
tralia," Jan.  31,  1914. 

Describes  apparatus  used  by  Oroya  Black  Range  Gold  Mines  in  its  leaching  process. 

69 


Danger  of  tapping  water-bearing  sand  under  pressure.     1894.     (In  En- 
gineering news,  v.32,  p. 518-519.) 

An  account  of  difficulties  encountered  in  Germany,  when  a  well  was  bored  into 
sand  containing  water  under  pressure. 

Darton,  N.  H. 

Notes  on  sand  for  mine  flushing  in  the  Scranton  region.  1912.  (In 
United  States — Mines  bureau.  Bulletin  no.25,  pt.i,  p. 72-75.) 

Pertains  to  the  use  of  sand  as  a   filler  for  old  mine  workings. 

Darton,  N.  H. 

Sand  available  for  filling  mine  workings  in  the  northern  anthracite 
basin  of  Pennsylvania.  33  p.  8  plates.  1913.  (United  States — Bureau 
of  mines.  Bulletin  no. 45.) 

Geology  and  location  of  sand  deposits,  comparative  suitability  of  materials  for  mine 
filling,  and  quantity  of  filling  required  and  available. 

Dufrenoy,  J. 

L'exploitation  des  zones  de  sedimentation.  1916.  (In  Revue  generate 
des  sciences  pures  et  appliquees,  v.27,  p.7i3~7i6.) 

Commercial  uses  of  wastes  deposited  at  mouths  of  rivers.     Includes  sand. 

Ferry,  Charles. 

Fusibility  of  bottom  sand.     1895.     (In  Iron  age,  v.56,  p. 1264-1265.) 

Treats  of  the  requisite  properties  of  a  good  sand  "for  making  bottoms  of  reheating 
furnaces  in  rolling  mills." 

Ferry,  Charles. 

Sand  for  rolling  mill  reheating  furnace  bottoms.  1900.  (In  Mineral 
industry,  calendar  year  1899,  v.8,  p.5i3~5i4.) 

Discusses  requirements  of  sand  for  this  purpose. 

Foster,  Horatio  A.  comp. 

Electrical  engineer's  pocket-book.     Ed. 7,  rev.     1913.    Van  Nostrand. 

Makes  brief  reference  (p.  1290)  to  "Foundations  on  sand  or  gravel;"  and  (p.  1394) 
to  sand  in  its  relation  to  the  strength  of  cement  and  concrete. 

Frechette,  Howells. 

Report  on  the  non-metallic  minerals  used  in  the  Canadian  manu- 
facturing industries.  199  p.  1914. 

The  same,. abstract.  1915.  (In  Canadian  mining  journal,  v.36,  p.2i6- 
220,  239-243.) 

Issued  by  the  Mines  branch  of  the  Department  of  mines  of  Canada. 
"Quartz  and  sand,"  p. 76-91,  gives  data  on  the  requirements,  prices  and  employment 
of  various  types  of  sand  used  in  Canadian  industries. 

Gockinga,  R.  H. 

Use  of  sand  for  construction  of  dams  in  flowing  water.  1911.  (In 
Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  v.i85, 

p.420-42I.) 

Abstract  of  article  on  method  of  building  dams  of  sand  in  a  river  in  Holland. 

Hatt,  William  Kendrick,  &  Scofield,  H.  H. 

Laboratory  manual   of  testing   materials.      135  p.      1913.     McGraw. 

Contains  data  on  methods  of  making  volumetric  and  strength  tests  of  sand. 

Johns,  Cosmo. 

Silica  as  a  refractory  material.  1917.  (In  Transactions  of  the 
Faraday  Society,  v.12,  p. 165-169.) 

Includes  brief  material  on  silica  sand,  together  with  table  giving  analyses  of  re- 
fractory sands  from  various  foreign  countries. 

70 


Kaferstein,  H. 

Substitution  of  a  single  span  for  two  openings  of  the  Magdeburg 
railway  bridge.  1879.  (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers,  v.55,  p-352-354.) 

Abstract  of  article  describing  the  use  of  sand  in  cylinders  for  the  lowering  of  heavy 
bridge  members. 

Kirk,  Edward. 

The  cupola  furnace;  a  practical  treatise  on  the  construction  and 
management  of  foundry  cupolas.  361  p.  1899.  Baird. 

Contains  information  on  the  use  of  sand  as  a  bottom  material  in  the  cupola-furnace. 

Le  Grom. 

Sur  les  etanchements  du  canal  du  Rhone  au  Rhin.  1845.  (In  Annales 
des  ponts  et  chaussees,  memoires,  ser.  2,  v.9,  p. 225-270.) 

Improving  canals  by  the  introduction  of  sand  is  considered,  p. 247— 250. 

Marks,  Lionel  S.  and  others,  ed. 

Mechanical  engineers'  handbook.     1916.     McGraw. 

Includes  material  on  sand  for  cement-mortar  and  concrete,  and  on  core  sands  for 
foundry  use. 

Merriman,  Mansfield,  and  others,  ed. 

American  civil  engineers'  pocket  book.     Ed. 3,  enl.     1916.    Wiley. 

Much  information  on  the  general  properties  of  sand. 

Miner,  Edw.  F. 

Use  of  a  sand  jack  for  placing  the  shaft  of  the  Battle  monument  at 
West  Point.  1904.  (In  Engineering  news,  v.5i,  p.62.) 

Letter  to  editor  giving  details  of  method  used  in  lowering  a  go-ton  weight  by  means 
of  a  sand-jack. 

Percy,  John. 

Metallurgy;  the  art  of  extracting  metals  from  their  ores.  1875. 
596  p.  Murray,  London. 

Has  chapter  on  "Refractory  materials,"  in  which  (p. 15 1-154)  is  treated  sand  for 
furnace  beds  and  for  casting. 

Reynolds,  Marcus  T. 

New  Delaware  and  Hudson  office  building  at  Albany,  N.  Y.  1915. 
( In  Concrete-cement  age,  v.6,  p. 289-293.) 

Editorial  discussion,  p.293. 

Shows  how  the  artificial  building  stone  used  in  the  structure  was  made,  by  casting 
concrete  in  molds  made  of  sand. 

Rice,  H.  H.  &  Torrance,  W.  M. 

Manufacture  of  concrete  blocks  and  their  use  in  building  construc- 
tion. 122  p.  1906.  Engineering  News  Pub.  Co. 

Contains  brief  reference  to  sand  for  use  in  concrete  blocks. 

Rice,  Harmon  Howard. 

Concrete-block  manufacture;  processes  and  machines.  152  p.  1906. 
Wiley. 

Chapter  3,  "Aggregates,"  considers  briefly  the  sand  used  in  concrete  block  manu- 
facture. 

Ries,  Heinrich. 

Economic  geology  of  the  United  States.     451  p.     1908.     Macmillan. 

"Molding  sand."  p.  189-190.     References,  p.  190. 
"Glass  sand,"  p.  176-178.     References,  p.  178. 

71 


Sand-settling  basin  for  hydraulic  plants.  1917.  (In  Engineering,  v.io.4, 
p.  1 46.) 

Illustrated  description  of  and  results  of  experiments  on  an  apparatus  for  removing 
sand  from  water  that  is  to  drive  hydraulic  turbines.  Swiss  installation. 

Sand  wheel  motor.    1883.    (In  American  machinist,  v.6,  Sept.  8,  1883,  p.4.) 
The  same.     1883.     (In  Minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  v.74,  p-338.) 

Very  brief  reference  to  use  of  sand  instead  of  water  for  purpose  of  driving  an 
overshot  wheel. 

Standard  apparatus  and  procedure  recommended  for  sand  analysis. 
1915.  (In  Engineering  record,  v.7i,  p. 644.) 

Discussion  by  Allen  Hazen,  $.644-646. 

Abstract  of  paper  by  Philip  Burgess  before  American  Waterworks  Association,  May 
1915.  Outlines  difficulties  encountered  in  making  tests  of  sand  for  filters,  for  concrete 
and  for  asphalt  mixtures.  Suggests  remedies. 

Storm,  C.  G.  &  Cope,  W.  C. 

Sand  test  for  determining  the  strength  of  detonators.  1916.  (In 
United  States — Mines  bureau.  Technical  paper  no. 125,  68  p.) 

The  relative  effects  of  various  detonators  is  indicated  by  noting  the  pulverizing 
effect  on  sand  surrounding  an  exploding  detonator.  Outlines  proper  preparation  and  use 
of  the  sand  for  such  tests. 

Trautwine,  John  C. 

Civil  engineer's  pocket-book.     Ed. 19.     1913.     Trautwine. 

Much  information  on  the  general  properties  of  sand. 


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